What oriental? That means mainly the Tigris and Euphrates, Mesopotamia, Syria,all those older civilizations and much more advanced civilizations than the Greek.

哪个东方,这主要指底格里斯河和,幼发拉底河文明,美索不达米亚文明,以及叙利亚文明等这些旧文明,它们都比希腊先进的多

耶鲁公开课 - 古希腊历史简介课程节选

We have hard evidence of that in Egypt, in Asia Minor, and in the Tigris Euphrates Valley.

而在埃及,小亚细亚,和两河流域却找不到类似的证据

耶鲁公开课 - 古希腊历史简介课程节选

That is, until the great archaeological discoveries of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, which unearthed for us the great civilizations of the Ancient Near East, of which I have drawn a remarkably life-like map ] here on the board: Mediterranean, I always start with the Mediterranean Ocean, the Nile River, the Tigris and the Euphrates.

直到十九至二十世纪,一些重大的考古发现，才让我们了解到,远古近东的文明,我已经在黑板上画了一幅,栩栩如生的地图了：,地中海，我总是从地中海讲起，尼罗河，底格里斯河，还有幼发拉底河。

耶鲁公开课 - 旧约导论课程节选