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Another illustration of the difficulty of translating all values, in this case, a certain idea of virtue, into utilitarian terms.
这个例子再次说明,很难把所有的价值，此处特指某种德行，转换为功利主义形式。
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How many think that it does succeed of arguing within utilitarian terms for a distinction between higher and lower pleasures?
有多少人觉得它成功地,在功利主义范畴区分了高级和低级快乐？
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The Benthamite utilitarian says everybody's preferences count and they count regardless of what people want, regardless of what makes different people happy.
边沁功利主义者认为每个人的偏好都有意义,不论人们所欲何为，不论其喜好各有不同。
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It comes from personal experience that raises a question at least about whether all values can be translated without loss into utilitarian terms.
是亲身见闻所引起的疑问,是否所有的价值都可以完好无损地,转换为功利主义的形式。
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But then, page eight, also in chapter two, he argues that it is possible for a utilitarian to distinguish higher from lower pleasures.
但在第八页，即第二章中，他提出功利主义者可以区分,高级和低级快乐。
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So justice is higher, individual rights are privileged, but not for reasons that depart from utilitarian assumptions.
所以公正是更高级的，个体权利是种特权，但并不能出于功利主义假设之外的理由。
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How can a utilitarian distinguish qualitatively higher pleasures from lesser ones, base ones, unworthy ones? Yes?
功利主义者何以将性质上更高级的快乐,与较低级，基本无价值的区分开呢，请说？
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But times have changed and they were embarrassed to give the true grounds for their objection and so they translated their arguments into utilitarian terms.
但时代不同了,她们羞于讲出反对的真实理由,就转换为功利主义形式表达反对。
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But the reason is ultimately, Mill claims, a utilitarian reason once you consider the long-run interests of humankind, of all of us as progressive beings.
但穆勒称，这个原因根本上还是功利的,当你考虑到人类，长远发展的利益。
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And starting next time, we're going to read Bentham and John Stuart Mill, utilitarian philosophers.
下讲开始，我们将开始阅读边沁,约翰·斯图尔特·穆勒等功利主义哲学家的著作。
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How many disagree with the utilitarian approach to law and to the common good?
有多少人不同意,功利主义在法律及公共利益方面的做法？
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And if they can't, what are the consequences for the utilitarian theory of morality?
如果不能，那么功利主义道德理论意义何在？
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So here are the objections to Bentham's utilitarianism and now, we turn to someone who tried to respond to those objections, a latter-day utilitarian, John Stuart Mill.
以上就是对边沁功利主义的异议,现在再来看看另一位,他试图回应这些异议，近代功利主义者约翰·斯图尔特·穆勒。
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In his book Utilitarianism, Mill tries to show that critics to the contrary it is possible within the utilitarian framework to distinguish between higher and lower pleasures.
在穆勒的《功利主义》中，他试图证明，与批判者所言相反,在功利主义的框架下,是能区分高级和低级快乐的。
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Or do you think this completely destroys the whole utilitarian calculus?
还是你们认为它完全推翻了,功利主义的演算？
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Is this a counterexample to the utilitarian idea of calculating?
这算是功利主义计算思路的反例吗？
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And if you were a utilitarian, what would you do?
如果你是个功利主义者，你会怎么办？
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You may say that what's missing here is something that the utilitarian can easily incorporate, namely the value to the person and to the families of those who die from lung cancer.
你也许会说,这里无疑忽略了,功利主义者认为应当包含的部分，即那些死于肺癌的患者本身,加上其家属的价值。
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Suppose the utilitarian calculus in the long run works out as he says it will such that respecting people's rights is a way of making everybody better off in the long run.
假设如他所说，长远来看,功利主义演算真能实现,即尊重个人权利,从长远来看，真的能让大家都获益。
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And with the arguments about the lifeboat in mind, the arguments for and against what Dudley and Stephens did in mind, let's turn back to the philosophy, the utilitarian philosophy of Jeremy Bentham.
带着对救生艇上发生事件的讨论，即对达德利和斯蒂芬斯行为赞同与否的讨论，让我们再回归，杰里米·边沁的功利主义哲学。
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All right, Is there anyone who disagrees with Joe and who thinks that our experiment disproves Mill's test, shows that that's not an adequate way, that you can't distinguish higher pleasures within the utilitarian framework?
好，有没有人不同意乔,谁认为我们的实验推翻了穆勒的检验，说明它并不足以证明，在功利主义范畴内可以分辨出高级快乐？
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You're an outright utilitarian.
你是个彻底的功利主义者嘛。
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Because you would know being a good utilitarian that taking some, a small amount, he'd scarcely going to notice it, but it will make a huge improvement in the lives and in the welfare of those at the bottom.
因为作为一个优秀的功利主义者，你知道,收走一些对他们来说根本无关痛痒的钱，却能大大改善社会底层那些人的生活,增加他们的福利。
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