We know now that it's caused by a related virus, called vaccinia, remember the virus that causes smallpox is called variola.

我们现在知道这病由一种相关的病毒引起,这种病毒叫牛痘病毒,想想天花病毒也被叫做牛痘病毒

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So, how could you produce--the question is, how could you produce large quantities of this- of this microorganism, this virus vaccinia under controlled conditions?

问题是该怎么进行生产,你怎么大批量生产这种微生物,即在可控条件下生产牛痘病毒

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Well, it turns out that we could not identify, at least at that point, a cell culture that would serve as a host for vaccinia.

然而我们还不能断定,至少这个时候无法断定,这些被感染的细胞就是牛痘病毒的宿主

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

And so in the 1940s, a group of people led by Collier started to develop a large scale production method for making a reliable source of vaccinia virus.

在二十世纪四十年代,科利尔带领一群人开始研究,一种大规模的生产方法,这种方法能制得牛痘病毒的可靠来源

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

But variola, which causes smallpox in humans, and vaccinia, which causes a disease called cowpox in cattle, turned out to be, we now know, viruses that are molecularly very similar.

但是导致天花的人痘病毒,和导致牛痘,的牛痘病毒,后来发现其实是,我们现在知道,这两种病毒在分子水平上十分相似

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选