He says: It had only been through books, at best no more than vicarious cultural transfusions, that I had managed to keep myself alive in a negatively vital way.

并加以思索，他说，：,“唯有通过读书，这种让文化在我心中产生共鸣的方式,才能维系我生存的勇气。

耶鲁公开课 - 1945年后的美国小说课程节选

That's not vicarious. You're not substituting. It's literal.

这不是替代，你并没有进行替换，它是遵循原义的。

耶鲁公开课 - 旧约导论课程节选

You'll sometimes see people refer to this as vicarious punishment.

有时候你会听到人们把它叫作替代惩罚。

耶鲁公开课 - 旧约导论课程节选

I don't think it's vicarious punishment. I call it literal punishment.

我认为它不应该是替代惩罚，我叫它原义惩罚。

耶鲁公开课 - 旧约导论课程节选