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We talked about mitosis last time; it's described more completely in the chapter, where two cells are formed from one.
我们上节课说到过有丝分裂,在那一章里更详细的阐释了,细胞是怎么由一生二的
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Beth Tweddle. She's like, won loads of golds in gymnastics.
贝丝•特维德尔。她在体操比赛中赢得了很多金牌。
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It's just like the photograph, perhaps the not very good photograph, that reminds me of my friend Ruth.All right.
就像照片一样,或许拍的不好,但是它能让我回想起我的朋友露丝
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In fact, there are differences that can be detected upon the first cell division where this zygote divides through the process of mitosis.
事实上,受精卵在进行,第一次有丝分裂时,就会产生差异
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We've got Lynette, Lukucin, we've Kristin, Bargeon; there's nine of you here. Let's try it again.
利奈特,鲁克森,克里丝汀,博贞,有九个人,再举下手示意一下
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That's Gershwin: Porgy and Bess, in minor.
这是格什温的《波吉与贝丝》,小调
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Toni Morrison was speaking for black Southerners in that, I think, fantastic line in her novel Beloved which I know many of you've read because it's taught all the time but there's that marvelous little exchange at one point between Paul D and Sethe.
托尼.莫里森藉由她的小说《宠儿》中,用一句绝妙的句子表达了南方黑人的心声,我知道很多人都已经读过《宠儿》,因为这本书一直被当做教材,不过小说中男女主人公保罗和塞丝,有这么一小段触人心弦的对话
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Hugo Boss, there's a Sephora, there is a Coach store.
有雨果•波士、丝芙兰，还有蔻驰。
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You might hold up the photograph and I might say, "Gosh, that really doesn't look very much like Ruth does it?"
你拿起照片,我可能会说,这一点都不像露丝
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So on the one hand--temporal sequence-- first you know Ruth, you meet Ruth, you get to know Ruth.
所以一方面,按时间顺序来说,你需要先知道露丝,见到露丝 了解露丝
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Mitosis is an orderly sequence of events by which one parent cell becomes two daughter cells.
有丝分裂是指一个亲代细胞,变为两个子细胞的有序的过程
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Even though I see that it is a photograph of Ruth; it reminds me of her.
尽管我知道这是露丝的照片,它让我想起了她
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Mitosis is one event that happens during this larger event called the cell cycle.
有丝分裂就是发生在,较大的细胞周期中的一个小一点的环节
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When I talked about mitosis, I talked about cells making perfect copies of each other, so each parent cell becoming two daughter cells that are the same.
我讲有丝分裂的时候,谈到过细胞能够完美的复制自己,母细胞分裂成为,两个完全一样的子细胞
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They're not chromosomal differences because this is the ordinary process of mitosis.
它们的染色体没有任何变化,因为这是正常的有丝分裂过程
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It brings Ruth to mind. I start thinking about Ruth.
她在我脑海中浮现,我开始想起露丝
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What happens during mitosis is that the cell is able to separate this double set of chromosomes into two sets and that happens in a way that's shown in this cartoon here.
当细胞有丝分裂时,细胞将其分开形成两组染色体,如下图所示
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I remember various things I know about Ruth.
我记起了很多关于露丝的事情
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It's usually shown like a clock is shown here, where time 0, which is at the top here is right at the end of mitosis where you have two new cells that are formed.
通常会用一个类似时钟的图来图示,0时刻,在最上端 为上次有丝分裂终点,代表两个新细胞刚刚形成
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But the photograph resembles Ruth.
但是照片和露丝很相似
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That's one of the properties of mitosis, that the DNA gets completely duplicated during the S phase, during DNA synthesis phase.
有丝分裂的一个特征,就是DNA在S期内完全复制,S期就是DNA合成期
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If mitosis occurs the way that it's supposed to, the DNA that's in each of these cells is the same.
如果有丝分裂的过程按部就班地进行,那所有细胞的DNA都是相同的
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But they had several other books that we now call the Apocrypha, such as Judith or Tobit or the 1 and 2 Maccabees.
但他们也有我们现在称作伪经的书，比如朱迪丝书，托比特书和马卡比一书二书。
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That's shown schematically here, let me talk about the bottom diagram first, which shows the process of mitosis.
在此我们图解了这一过程,我先从下面图表里的,有丝分裂过程讲起
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In order for the photograph to remind me of Ruth, I have to already have met Ruth.
如果一张照片能使我想起露丝,我必须已经见过露丝了
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It resembles Ruth well enough to remind me of her, and interestingly, it can do that even if it's not a very good photograph.
它和露丝相似到,足以让我想起她,有趣的是,一张不是很好的照片也可以做到
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And suddenly, you're remembering things you know about Ruth.
然后立刻你就会,回想起关于露丝的一切
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You've never met Ruth, let's suppose.
假如你从来没见过露丝
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Well, you don't know Ruth.
因为你不认识露丝
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