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Now the intervention studies are stronger methods than the epidemiology studies but they're also more difficult studies to do.
相比传染病学研究,干预性研究更有效,但也更难执行
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You know, McDonald's being junk food and they don't want that image with Pret.
麦当劳是卖垃圾食品的，他们不想把这个形象传染给普雷特公司。
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Okay, so let's talk about the example of smallpox, which is one of the world's great successes in the battle against infectious diseases.
我们现在来谈一谈天花,它是人类与传染病的斗争中,获得的一项伟大胜利
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And so you can see the pneumonia, tuberculosis, the communicable diseases, infectious diseases, for the most part, are taking the most lives at that point.
你可以看到肺炎,肺结核,传染病,感染性疾病,是夺走大多数人生命的主要原因
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They could say, "Oh, disease," but these reasons tend not to be sincere.
他们可以说”会传染疾病“,但这些理由只是托辞。
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What do we know from research is that smiles are contagious.
研究证明笑有传染性。
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It's contagious, that is, it's transferred to other persons or objects, depending on how receptive they are--perhaps by physical touch, perhaps in the case of severe impurity by sharing an enclosed space, by being together under an overhanging roof, tent.
它会传染给另一个人，另一个物体，这取决于它们的接受度，也许是通过肢体接触，也许是因为呆在一个与世隔绝的空间里，同在一个屋檐下。
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If I happen to have some other infectious disease, then not only would you passing the protection to smallpox, but you'd be passing that disease among the population as well.
如果正好还有其他传染病,那不仅会传播对天花的免疫能力,也在人群中传播其它传染病
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So, the concern at this time, and still remains a concern, is that infectious agents, particularly very deadly infectious agents like smallpox, could be weaponized in some way, or converted into a weapon.
当时有一些担心,现在还在担心,这些传染源,尤其是像天花非常具有致命性的传染源,可以进行某种程度的武器化,或者转变成武器
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So smiles and laughters are contagious.
笑和笑声是传染的。
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If a case of polio emerged in the community, the chances that it could spread to other children or to your child were high; so, great interest in this in the early part of this century.
如果在某个社区出现一例脊髓灰质炎患儿,那么你的孩子或者更多别的孩子,被传染的几率非常高,所以 二十世纪初的科学家们,热衷于研究脊髓灰质炎
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And he hypothesized that they were getting the disease in cows, which the disease from cows that caused a milder disease than smallpox, and that protected them from getting the more severe forms of smallpox later.
他假定奶牛将这种疾病传染给挤奶女工,这种源自奶牛的疾病比天花更温和,它保护女工们,免受更为严重的天花感染
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And this just is another list, I mainly wanted you to have it in your notes of diseases that are important around the world, for which there are very active programs to develop either vaccines or more effective vaccines.
这是另一个表,我希望你们做笔记时把它加到,世界上这些严重的传染疾病上,因为现在有一些项目致力于开发,针对这些疾病的疫苗或者改进式疫苗
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Now, the problem, or one of the challenges with clinical trials of vaccines is that you have to enroll a lot of patients into clinical trials because only a few are going to get sick in any case, only 20 out of 100,000.
现在的问题是,这也是疫苗临床试验的挑战之一,临床试验必须包括足够多的病人,毕竟只有一小部分人会被传染,十万人里面只有二十人被传染
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It worked for them, they didn't have all these chronic diseases like we have, now they had other challenges, infectious diseases primarily, but they didn't have the chronic diseases like we have, like cancer, heart disease, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, etc., and Diabetes particularly.
这曾对祖先们奏效,他们不像我们会得一些慢性疾病,但他们要面对其他的挑战,主要是传染性疾病,但他们不像我们那样受着慢性疾病的困扰,如癌症,心脏病,高血压和高脂血等,特别是糖尿病
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And so they're already very safe, very effective vaccines available for many infectious diseases.
所以这些疫苗非常安全有效,常备用来对付各种传染病
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The epidemiology studies are what a lot of our information comes from.
我们所知的大多数信息都是来自,传染病学研究
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So smiles are contagious.
笑是传染的。
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Usually it involves pieces of the infectious agent itself, to cause that engagement.
通常疫苗自身也包含部分传染性介质,以便达成匹配
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You're not only spreading the infection.
你传播的不仅仅是特定一种传染病
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I'd like to give you examples of three of very famous epistudies on diet and health: The Framingham Heart Study, The Seven Country Study, and The Nurses' Health Study, and then we'll talk about some of the overall results from these sort of things.
我想给大家讲有关饮食与健康的关系的,三个著名传染病学研究实验,弗明汉心脏病研究,七国研究,以及护士健康研究,然后讲一下这些因素带来的一些总体影响
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So in a town that's the size of new Haven with a population of let's say 100,000 people in just the immediate New Haven area, there might be 20 of these instances of very severe form of polio per year, 20 crippled children would result.
在一个像纽黑文这么大的城市里,大约有十万人口,生活在纽黑文地区的人当中,每年可能就会有二十人,感染到这种急性传染病,可能会导致二十个孩子残疾
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