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However, the thing to remember is, when you look at heats of reaction under those conditions it's all well and good.
相反，需要记住，当你需要知道反应中放出的热量时,这些量是很有用的。
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One is that 2,000 calories is the average for the typical person, but, of course, people have greatly differing calorie needs.
一是2000卡路里是常人所需的平均值,当然,人们需要的热量是大大不同的
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get back to the initial point is going to require some input from outside, like heat or extra work or extra heat or something because you've done an irreversible process.
如果要逆转它,回到初始点，就需要外界的投入，比如额外的功，额外的热量等等,因为你进行了一个不可逆过程。
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And it's for that whole unit that you've got some heat capacity. How much heat does it take the warm the entire thing up or the insides of the thing up by a degree? It's that number right.
由这个单位你能知道,一些热容的信息，要让这整个装置,或里面放置的东西,升温一度需要多少热量？
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And then maybe I raise the temperature to whatever, room temperature, maybe 20 degrees hotter than room temperature. And I again say OK, now how much heat do I need to raise this thing's temperature by 1 degree?
我可能把温度升到，比如室温,或者比室温高20度之类,然后我再说，好,现在要把这个东西的温度,升高一度需要多少热量？
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So we don't really need to put in a certain amount of heat and change the temperature of the products and the calorimeter and so on.
所以我们实际上并不需要输入,一定的热量，改变生成物,和量热计的温度之类。
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Men will need more calories than women, people who are very active will need more then people who are less active, etc.
男人所需的热量多于女人,活跃的人比安静的人需要更多的热量等等
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You need a substance and then that substance has to have a property that changes depending on the heat flow, i.e., depending on whether it's sensing that it's the same temperature or different temperature than something else.
你需要某种物质,它的某种性质,随着热量的流动而改变，也就是说,依赖于它是否感觉到它,与其他的物体处于相同的温度。
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It's now, all we have to do is say we're going to have heat at constant volume.
我们需要做的就是,计算恒定体积下的热量。
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A kilocalorie, and this is really what we--when people talk about calories, how many calories in food, it's really kilocalories that they're referring to, but that would be the energy required to raise a kilogram of water one degree centigrade.
一千卡,是人们讨论卡路时是真正用的单位,当提起食物中的热量,人们指的是多少千卡,一千卡,是将一千克水提升1℃所需要的热量
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Well a calorie technically--and this is again, not something that we would ever quiz you on but I just thought you might be interested to know-- that it's the energy required to raise one gram of water one degree centigrade, and we'll talk in a minute about you might go about measuring that.
理论上一卡路里,我重复下,这不是考试内容,但我想你们会感兴趣,一卡路里,是将一克水提升1℃所需要的热量,过会儿我们会讲如何测量
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It makes sense, right, because you know we got less work out and delta u is the same right, so it must be that less heat got transferred.
这是显而易见的，因为输出的功更少,且Δu相等，所以需要的热量更少。
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