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So in a sense, it's all the same to me as a shareholder whether they pay dividends or they repurchase shares.
所以某种意义上,对股东来说是一样的,不管是支付股利还是回购股票
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One of them is as a shareholder and the shareholder gets a share-- is entitled to a share--of the profits.
其中一种是股东,股东持有股票,股东有权分配利润
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In any private cooperation, there is a final line between what is good for management and what is good for shareholders.
在任何一个私人企业里，总是有一条底线划分,怎样对管理有利,怎样对股东有利。
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We don't have to have an "interest" in it in the sense of owning part of a company.
我们也不必对其有兴趣,不必弄得就好像我们是公司股东一样。
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So the players are going to be the two agents and they own this firm let's call it.
这两个参与人都是公司的股东,他们都持有公司的股份
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Or the insurance company could be a mutual insurance company, in which case the insurance company is owned by the insured.
保险公司也可以是互助保险公司,也就是保险公司的股东就是被保险人
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So that's why we do it and there's no shame in pursuing profits and getting it out to your shareholders.
这也是人们这么做的原因,不用因为,为股东谋求利益,而感到羞耻
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When you serve on a board, you are in a fiduciary role; you are there to protect shareholders and that's the concept.
一旦你进入了董事会,你就成为了受托人,你的存在就是为了维护股东的利益,就是这样
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At the annual meeting, the shareholders can come and elect a board and the board then is in charge of the company.
在年会上,股东会聚集起来,选出董事会来管理公司
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The theory is that the shareholders are in control because they elect the board and the board hires the president and it's democratic.
之所以理论上说股东是掌控者,是因为他们选出董事会,董事会选出总裁,这是个民主的过程
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But, in the purest form-- and this is the form that we have in the United States-- the company exists for the shareholders.
但在最纯粹的体系中,即美国现行体系,公司是为股东而存在的
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Dilution occurs--the term specifically refers to changes in a number of shares that affect, adversely, existing shareholders.
摊薄特指的是,股票数量受到影响,不利于已持股的股东
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Don't be too jubilant because when they do a split they do it to every single shareholder.
股票分割后也不要过分高兴,对每个股东都是如此
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Now, in some countries and in some jurisdictions the law might not be entirely clear on that; they might say there are other stakeholders.
但在某些国家及法律体系中,法律对此的规定并不明确,他们会说还有其他的股东
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In a for-profit corporation, the purpose of the entity is defined as profit for the shareholders.
在一家盈利性公司中,公司的目的是为股东谋求利益
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Non-profit corporations will also have a board of directors but they will not have any shareholders.
非盈利组织也有董事会,但没有股东
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This is what they actually send out-- this is cash sent out to shareholders.
这是他们实际发放的,实际发放给股东的现金
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Each agent is going to choose her effort level to put into this firm.
每个股东都要选择为公司投入多少精力
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He went there and he made a plea that General Motors should cut its dividend that it pays to stockholders, which is a reasonable thing to do.
他向管理层提出请求,希望通用汽车公司减少,支付给股东们的红利,这是一种很合理的做法
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In the Basel I there were Tier I capital requirements and they defined Tier I capital as capital in a certain form -it's stockholders equity plus preferred stock.
第一次巴塞尔协议提出了一级资本要求,他们将一级资本定义为,一种特定形式的资本金,就是股东权益加上优先股
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They're the ones--there are other people who have contracts with the company, like the employees, but the employees are not shareholders; they are receiving salary or something else.
还有其他,和公司签订了合同的人,像员工,但员工不是股东,他们拿工资或其他东西
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They can pay the CEO a salary or they can give shares to the CEO-- that's quite standard because they feel that that makes the CEO a shareholder.
他们可以给他发工资或分给他股份,这是惯常的做法,因为他们觉得这样,可以把首席执行官变为股东
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The fundamental one is the shareholder because the shareholder owns the corporation.
最基础的关系就是股东与公司的关系,因为股东是公司的所有人
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You might say, why should a company exist for the shareholders?
你可能问,公司为何要为股东存在呢
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They found, not surprisingly, that it tends to--mutual funds have been growing more rapidly in countries that have stronger securities laws and institutions, especially laws that protect individual shareholders rights.
他们发现,那些共同基金发展较迅速的国家,都拥有比较健全的证券法规和完善的证券制度,其中保护个人股东权利的法律尤为完善
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The last shareholder--so a company can't buy all of its shares but it can buy some of its shares and that's another way to get money out of the company.
最后的股东...公司无法回购全部股份,但是它能购回一部分,这是另外一个收回投资的方法
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So I've got the agents. I've got the strategy set.
现在我们有股东,有策略
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You have an incentive to say, because you're the equity holder, you have an incentive to say, hey why don't I just take some big gamble here and not tell anybody.
因为你是这家公司的股东,可能就有动力促使你这样想,我干嘛不来赌上一把呢,我不会告诉别人的
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If you have profit sharing in a firm or profit sharing in homework assignment, or any joint projects, you have to worry about too little effort being contributed because there's an externality.
如果你是一个公司的股东,或者和别人一起做作业及其他合作项目,你们需要注意到因为外部性,实际上每个人都付出了较少的努力
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But it was also what we call shareholder activism or investor activism -that he was getting involved in changing the way corporations do business.
但是它同时也被人们称作,股东行动主义,或投资者行动主义,也就是他参与进来,去改变公司经营的方式
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