I think the answer is that both play a role but some of the effects are due to stereotypes above and beyond in-group favoritism.

我想两者都有,但刻板印象的影响,要高于组内偏爱。

耶鲁公开课 - 心理学导论课程节选

We can say that there are certain things that are good above and beyond experiences-- the right kinds of accomplishments, the right kind of knowledge.

我们可以认为有某些事情,是美好的，它们非经验所能比拟-,比如合适的成就，合适的知识。

耶鲁公开课 - 死亡课程节选

Remember your task for this week-- a dozen of you have already read it-- it's to commit- above and beyond what you usually commit- five extra acts of kindness during one day.

记得你们这周的任务-,一些同学已经知道-,就是去做超越以往所做的事情-,一天内多做五件好事。

哈佛公开课 - 幸福课课程节选

I take chances no one else will--great driver," but above and beyond that there does seem to be a psychological effect manifested here and manifested elsewhere, which is a motivation to feel good about yourself.

我敢冒别人不敢冒的险，我是个好司机“,但除此以外,但似乎存在着一个心理原因存在于这个效应,和另外的效应中，那就是自我感觉良好的动机。

耶鲁公开课 - 心理学导论课程节选

There's a benefit to me above and beyond the question of what's going on within my life-- am I loved, am I accomplishing things, ? am I having nice experiences or not?

不管我的生活里发生了什么事,我都能得到好处-,不管我是否被爱，是否有成就，或者我的经历是否愉快？

耶鲁公开课 - 死亡课程节选