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And, so, you have the kings there; and the whole process of absolutism, which you don't have to know about.
因此,存在君主,就存在一系列的专制主义论调,这里就不细说了
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This will be important to try and understand the French revolution, La Revolution francaise, that there's a difference between absolutism and despotism.
这个观点对于尝试理解法国大革命很重要,绝对主义和专制主义是有区别的
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On the one hand, you will find Hobbes the most articulate defender of political absolutism.
一方面，你会发现霍布斯,是专制主义的坚定捍卫者。
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There is a return to these kinds of theoretical defences of absolutism that even preceded the growth of the absolute state as I've described it.
有一点需注意,对于绝对主义的理论辩护,甚至早于绝对主义国家的兴起,之前我已经描述过这个过程
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Wednesday I'm going to talk about exceptions to absolutism, what the Dutch and what the English had in common that gave them very different political outcomes.
下节课我们将会谈到绝对主义的一些特例,荷兰和英国有何共同之处,以及它们产生的迥异的政治结果
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For many today, Hobbes' conception of the Leviathan state is synonymous with anti-liberal absolutism.
对今天许多的学者而言,霍布斯在《利维坦》中的政治主张,就是反自由主义之专制主义的代名词。
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He seems to be the perfect model of absolutism and of absolute government.
他看起来是专制主义的完美例子,他支持专制的政府。
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Secondly, as I tried to suggest the other day, these places resist absolutism.
其次,正如我曾讲过的,这些地方反对绝对主义
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So, I already mentioned about how nobles become junior partners in absolutism.
我前面提到过,贵族是如何臣服在统治者的绝对权威之下
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From this point of view, it would seem that Hobbes helps to establish the language of what we might think of as the liberal opposition to absolutism.
从这点来说，我们似乎可以看出,霍布斯建立了一种说法,就是我们所想的,对专制主义的自由对立。
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That's not a bad phrase, junior partners in absolutism. So, what happens?
这不是个贬义词,那么贵族是如何在其中获得好处的呢
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So, this is what, in a nutshell, kind of what absolutism was.
简而言之,这就是绝对王权
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But there were doctrines of absolutism that originated with jurists early.
绝对主义的学说起源于早期的法学家的理论
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Those two are already linked, along with anti-absolutism and anti-Catholicism.
跟反天主教和反绝对主义,紧密联系在一起
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Absolutism did not simply just emerge out of this turmoil.
绝对主义并非仅仅由于这场动乱而产生
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He tries not only to copy European absolutism, but to open up Russia to commerce, realizing that trade meant wealth and that wealth meant improvements in the lives of the Russian people.
他不仅试图仿效欧洲的绝对主义,也开放了俄国的商业贸易,他意识到贸易意味着财富,而财富则等同于俄国民众生活水平的提高
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Although Hobbes is widely taken to be a defender of monarchical absolutism, you will note, in your readings, that he displays a kind of studied neutrality over actually what form the sovereign should take.
尽管霍布斯被广泛地认为是,君主专制主义的维护者，但在阅读中你们会发现，他对国家应当采用何种政体,是保持中立姿态的。
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The Netherlands also resisted absolutism, and the Dutch Republic remained the Dutch Republic; although, for reasons that we'll see later, the Dutch Republic ceases to be a great power in the 18th century.
荷兰抵制绝对统治的政体,保留了共合制,然而,后面我们将说到,荷兰共和国在十八世纪没落了
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So, in all of this, what he does is he makes, to use an expression that I've already used before in the context of absolutism, he makes the Boyars, while he's building his navy and expanding Russia, he makes the Boyar junior partners in absolutism.
所以,通过所有的这些事情,用我之前用过的一个词来形容,他使得波维尔们,当他在建海军和扩张领土时,他使得波维尔贵族臣服在他的绝对权威之下
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But the period of absolute rule really begins in the mid-seventeenth century, and is to be found in those states that had specific kinds of social structures.
但是绝对主义实际上起源于十七世纪中叶,［absolutism普遍的翻译为绝对主义或者绝对君主制］ 而且只出现在那些有着特定社会结构的国家里
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