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They just wait, they wait for their time, they wait until you are in danger from a particular antigen.
它们时刻准备着,在等待着那一刻,等待你被某种特别的抗原威胁的时刻
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We looked at the kinetics of this response, what happens in your body after you're exposed to an antigen.
我们曾学习过这种应答的效应,当人体遇到抗原后会发生怎样的变化
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So, the antigen we're thinking about is a vaccine particularly designed to elicit immune response against a pathogen.
我们现在考虑的这种抗原,是一种特别设计的疫苗,它能够诱发免疫效应以消灭病原体
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They might ingest extracellular antigen, presented pieces of it on their cell surface in the context of MHC-2.
它们可以吞噬胞外抗原,根据细胞表面的,主要组织相容性抗原-2
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The advantage of this is that now you have four binding sites for antigen instead of just two.
这样的好处是一个抗体上,有四个抗原结合位点而不仅仅是两个
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So, I have a bacteria infection, stimulates my immune system, I start making antibodies that bind to an antigen specific to that bacteria.
所以 如果我被细菌感染了,我的免疫系统被激活,开始制造抗体,这些抗体结合到细菌特异性的抗原上
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Now, just--what this diagram also shows you is that that response is specific to that particular antigen.
看,就像这幅图表展示的一样,免疫应答是针对特定的抗原
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One of the things that happens is that certain cells within your body process the vaccine or the antigen and we talked about that.
在人体内,发生的反应之一是,特定的细胞对疫苗或者抗原做出反应,之前我们讨论过这个
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It's not just that your whole immune system gets revved up and it's going to respond more rapidly to any antigen it's exposed to.
并不是整个免疫系统都得以加强,免疫应答会对,以前接触过的抗原做出的应答更加迅速
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So, these are better at binding to antigen because they have more binding sites on them.
连接抗体是对付抗原的有效方法,因为抗体表面将会有更多的抗原结合位点
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There's a region up here called the antigen binding region and those-- and there's two copies of that region and it's responsible for antigen binding.
在图片上部有个区域,被称作抗原结合区,而这些,而这里有两个抗原结合区,主要负责与抗原结合
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Then, your muscle cells would start producing Hepatitis B surface antigen and your immune system recognizing that's a foreign protein would start responding to it.
于是,肌肉细胞将会,开始制造乙肝表面抗原,然后免疫系统就会识别出,那是外来蛋白质并且产生免疫应答
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Again, these are antibodies that are specific to that antigen or vaccine that we introduced.
我再说一次,这些抗体针对于,我们所接种的抗原或疫苗特异产生
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When you get exposed to that particular antigen they say, 'I'm on, it's my time'.
等到你暴露在特定的抗原中,它们说,该我了,到我大显身手的时候了
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The response to the second exposure in antigen is different in a couple of ways.
第二次接触相同抗原,免疫系统的应答,在以下几个方面是不同的
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We're going to use this special word "Antigen," and antigen has a very particular meaning.
我们将用到抗原这个特别的词,抗原有其独特意义
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So, every time you're exposed to a new vaccine or a new antigen you go through this primary response before you have the secondary response.
所以,每当你接触到新疫苗或是新抗原,在再次免疫之前,机体将会经历这样的初次免疫过程
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We're thinking about the particular antibody that binds to this antigen that you're exposed to.
现在,我们考虑一种特殊的,与你所接触的抗原相结合的抗体
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From a technological perspective, antibodies are incredible tools because antibodies are molecules that are specifically designed to bind to a particular antigen or a particular chemical.
从技术角度上来说,抗体是一种令人难以置信的分子,它们被设计来,特异性地结合抗原,或者某种化学物质
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These are cells that recognize a particular antigen, they're ready to differentiate into antibody.
这些记忆细胞可识别相应的抗原,它们已经准备好分化产生抗体
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Any molecule can be an antigen; the food that you eat is full of antigens, microbes that try to live in your body are full of antigens.
任何分子都可以成为抗原,你吃的食物中富含抗原,试图栖息在你身体中的微生物充满抗原
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The question is, "If you're naturally exposed to antigen wouldn't this happen anyway?"
她的问题是,在自然条件下,如果接触某种抗原,那么就是否就不发生二次免疫
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The antibodies they make are all specific to the antigen that stimulated them.
它们制造的抗体,对激活它们的抗原来说都是特异性的
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I realize that this thinking about antigen, antibody combinations and the mathematics of how strongly an antibody binds to a specific antigen, is maybe something that's new to you.
我觉得这些关于 抗原抗体结合,以及,抗体如何强有力地结合抗原的问题,对你们来说很新鲜
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What's variable about them is that they bind to a specific antigen.
它们可变的原因是,它们需要结合不同的抗原
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I'm using, here, antigen interchangeably with vaccine for our purposes today.
在这里,我使用可以,与疫苗相互作用的抗原来介绍今天的问题
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You introduce that antigen into a person, into me for example.
将这种抗原接种到一个人的体内,比如接种到我的体内
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This is a very potent molecule for binding to antigen.
这个抗体分子就具有强大的抗原结合能力
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They bind to the antigen that stimulated their production.
它们结合在那些,激活了抗体产生的抗原之上
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Yeast cells were grown in large numbers with this plasmid inside, they expressed the plasmid and so you made Hepatitis B surface antigen not in people but in cell culture where it was not normally formed.
体内携带这种质粒的酵母细胞大量增殖,它们表达质粒,因此,乙型肝炎表面抗原不是在人体内,而是在细胞培养环境下,以非正常方式形成的
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