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Aristotle is considered the "father of criticism," and yet he is also what Foucault would call a "founder of discursivity."
亚里士多德被认为是批判学之父“,但他是福柯承认的话语学奠基人“
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In other words, in a way it's a disputed text and it is not written by Aristotle, but it's also a foundational text.
所以，诗学是一个充满争议的著作,它并不是由亚里士多德创作的，却非常重要。
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Alexander, of course, had been educated by Aristotle, when he was young, and so he had adopted Greek language and Greek literature and a lot of other Greek ways.
亚历山大本人幼年时，师承亚里士多德，所以他使用希腊语，熟悉希腊文学,以及各类希腊文化。
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Above all, Aristotle's works, like the Politics and the Nicomachean Ethics, were explicitly intended as works of political instruction, political education.
尤其是亚里士多德的大作，像是《政治学》和《尼各马科伦理学》,更是表明要作为,政治教学，政治教育的著作。
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But Aristotle used to think that if you want something to move, there has to be some agency making it move.
但亚里士多德认为,如果要让物体运动,那就必须有某种作用让它运动
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Pity" and "terror," these become crucial terms, the terms that Aristotle, in his Poetics, used to define tragedy.
遗憾或恐惧“,这是很关键的词，亚里士多德在《诗学》中用它，定义悲剧。
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And, Aristotle gave us this system, which persisted almost through the Middle Ages. And, Aristotle gave us this, and I'll leave you with this.
他带给我们这个系统，一直统领着我们,直到中世纪，亚里士多德给了我们这个，你们自己看吧。
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Aristotle, over 2000 years ago, "Happiness is the meaning and purpose of life, " the whole aim and end of human existence."
二千多年前的亚里斯多德，“快乐是人生的意义和目的，人类存在的最终目标“
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Well, Aristotle and Plato,both sort of theoreticians of the polis each had an idea what's the right size for the perfect polis.
亚里士多德和柏拉图,这两位精于城邦理论的理论家对此各执己见
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This is what distinguishes Aristotle from Machiavelli and all those later thinkers who take their bearings from Machiavelli.
这就是亚里士多德,与马奇亚维利的差别，还有那些稍后,以马奇亚维利为其主轴核心的思想家。
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Why does Aristotle say, as Brooks quotes him, that a plot should have a certain magnitude?
为什么亚里士多德会说，“剧情尤为重要“呢？
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Yet Aristotle's conception of our political nature seems to require standards of justice that are natural or right for us.
但亚里士多德对我们政治天性的概念,似乎需要正义的标准,且那对我们是自然或正确的法治预设。
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The centrality Aristotle ascribes to politics forces us to consider another question ? namely what is the purpose of this study?
亚里士多德加到政治中的,中心论点迫使我们考虑另一个问题,即这门研究的目的为何？
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A society based simply on the mutual calculation of interests could not be a real political society for Aristotle.
一个建构在双方相互算计利益的社会,对亚里士多德而言,并不是一个真正的政治社会。
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That is to say not even the best city on Aristotle's account can afford to be without a foreign policy.
这也就说明,就算是亚里士多德笔中的最佳之城,也承受不起没有外交政策的后果。
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But, to some degree, this captures some of the way in which Aristotle has been perceived over the centuries.
但在某种程度上，这捕捉了一些,几个世纪以来,人们对亚里士多德的观感。
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That leads me to the larger question you might say which is posed throughout Aristotle's work as a whole.
而这也带入一个较大的问题,且是贯穿亚里士多德,整部作品的精神。
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The polity is the regime that represents for Aristotle a mixture of the principles of oligarchy and democracy.
政体对亚里士多德而言,即是代表,寡头与民主原则混合的政权。
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We can begin to see it is clear how Aristotle's best regime differs from Plato's intransigent demand for the rule of philosopher-kings.
我们可以开始清楚地发现,亚里士多德的最佳政体,如何有别于柏拉图,对哲学家国王统治的不妥协要求。
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Only a small city, small enough to be governed by relations of trust, can be political, in Aristotle's sense of the term.
仅有一座小城，小到能由信任的关系来管治，才能称作是政治社会，这是以亚里士多德的标准看来。
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The polis, as Aristotle as well as Plato clearly understand, is a small society, what could be called today a closed society.
如亚里士多德及柏拉图清楚明白,是一个小型的社会，即今日所称的封闭社会。
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Aristotle understands the mixed constitution as a balance of classes--the one the few and the many.
不同于我们的宪法,亚里士多德了解混合宪法是阶级的平衡,即一人，少数人及多数人。
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Aristotle appears from the beginning to look more like what we would think of as a political scientist.
亚里士多德,从一开始就更像是我们会认为的,政治科学家。
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Aristotle's Poetics we know actually not to have been one of the texts written by Aristotle but rather to be a compendium of lecture notes put together by his students.
亚里士多德的诗学其实,并不是由他本人写成的,而是有他的弟子编纂的。
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Aristotle proposes--how does he propose to do this? He proposes a couple of remedies to offset the potentially warlike struggle between various factions.
亚里士多德对此提出了何种建议,他提出几种补救方法,来平衡派系间,可能导致战争的潜在斗争。
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