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So now, the enzyme is locked up with being built, and the penicillin has effectively killed the bacteria.
所以这是我第一次感受到,我想在单个原子的层面上思考这些分子,所以这时我的专业转到了化学方向。
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Remember that these cells are relatively large compared to bacteria and so diffusion doesn't occur very quickly over this length scale.
要知道这些细胞相对细菌而言,还是比较大的,扩散作用在这种尺度上,发生得不是那么快
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So look, why am I justified in believing in germs, various kinds of viruses that I can't see, or bacteria or what have you, that I can't see?
所以,我为什么相信微生物,相信各种肉眼无法看到的病毒,细菌等诸如此类我看不到的东西确实存在
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When they do that they can actually engulf the bacteria in a process called phagocytosis and break them down into antigens.
免疫细胞确实是将细菌整个吞进了肚内,这一过程称为吞噬作用,并将细菌分解成小抗原
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So, not just a spectrum of viruses, but there's viruses and bacteria and parasites and other microorganisms that can cause disease.
所以,不是只有病毒,还有病毒,细菌,寄生虫,和其它各种微生物都能导致疾病
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So, you're familiar with some of these bacteria like salmonella, or the micro bacterium that causes tuberculosis are shown here.
所以 你们很熟悉像沙门氏菌这样的细菌,或者像这儿的引起结核的小细菌
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So, I have a bacteria infection, stimulates my immune system, I start making antibodies that bind to an antigen specific to that bacteria.
所以 如果我被细菌感染了,我的免疫系统被激活,开始制造抗体,这些抗体结合到细菌特异性的抗原上
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Because bacteria are outside of cells and when antibodies bind to them they can neutralize them.
因为细菌生存在细胞外,抗体结合细菌并中和掉它们
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That's shown in this diagram as little colonies of bacteria that are growing on a plate.
图示上显示的是生长在培养基上的,一些菌落
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The study of immunology is the study of mechanisms that your body uses to protect itself from mainly from foreign pathogens like viruses and bacteria.
免疫学研究身体,采用何种机制来保护自身,免受外源病原体如病毒和细菌的伤害
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The innate immune system composed of neutrophils and macrophages; these are cells that are crawling around your body all the time ready to eat bacteria.
它由嗜中性粒细胞和巨噬细胞构成,这些细胞不断在周身蠕行,准备吞噬细菌
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Why don't bacteria need a distinct nucleus and that's necessary in a human cell?
为什么细菌不需要单独的细胞核,而对人类细胞则为必需
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Won't help me against other bacteria, but only against the one that I've got.
但对其他细菌却不起作用,只能抵抗我感染到的这种细菌
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What else is different about human cells and bacteria other than these formed organelles?
除了细胞器以外,二者还有什么不同
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Antibiotics are chemicals, usually small organic molecules that will kill micro-organisms like bacteria.
抗生素是一类化学物质,它们通常是小分子有机物,能够杀死细菌这样的微生物
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One way is to allow these bacteria to grow on a plate that is loaded with antibiotics like Ampicillin.
一种方法,是让这些细菌,在有大量抗生素如氨苄青霉素,的培养基上生长
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