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Milton devotes a lot of time in Areopagitica to making a number of attempts to distinguish licensing from censorship.
弥尔顿在《论出版自由》中花了很大功夫,试图区分出版许可管理和出版控制。
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In fact this treatise is often described, or maybe even most commonly described, as the Western tradition's greatest argument against censorship.
事实上，这本著作常常被描述为，或是可能广泛地被认为，是英国传统上最伟大的与控制相对立的文章。
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So, what I'm going to do is, I'm going to take that essay the product of censorship, the response to censorship and I'm going to use it to read back into the novel.
那么，我今天要做的就是通过这篇短文,这篇禁令下的产物和对禁令的回应,通过它去重新阅读这篇小说。
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This always raises the question that you will discuss in your section, whether or not Socrates' censorship of poetry and the arts is an indication of his totalitarian impulses.
这一向会唤出,你们在讨论时间会遇到的问题，苏格拉底对诗学与艺术的审查,是否点出,他的极权念头。
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In fact, he even claims -- and he does this explicitly in Areopagitica he even claims to be in favor of censorship in a number of cases.
实际上，他更声明并且明确地在《论出版自由》中,他更在一些案例中声明他支持出版控制。
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Censorship only comes into play once a text has actually been in circulation for a while, only after a number of readers have found a published text to pose a threat.
控制仅仅是一本书已经出版发行一段时间,一些读者已经发现这印刷的文本,造成威胁时才起作用的。
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Licensing, on the other hand, is an action that precedes censorship.
许可，是先于控制的。
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Censorship would involve the burning of books, the prohibition of any further editions of those books, of the author, or maybe the printer or the publisher of the books.
控制会涉及焚烧书籍，禁止印刷这些书的更多版本，作者，或者有可能是这本书的印刷者或出版者。
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Therefore, the mark of censorship is actually still on this book.
被事实上，禁止的记号如今还留在这本书上。
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It's censorship by consensus almost.
这是一种大多数人的控制。
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What I am interested in here, and I think what a lot of readers are interested in when they approach Areopagitica, is why this treatise, why it can so easily be read as an argument against censorship.
我感兴趣的是，也是我觉得很多读者应该感兴趣的是,当他们阅读《论出版自由》时，到底是什么允许了，为什么这本著作这么容易就被理解为在批判控制。
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But this reading of the Apology as you might say is a kind of brief for freedom of expression and a warning against the dangers of censorship and persecution.
但阅读《苏格拉底自辩篇》，你可能会说,好似一种对言论自由的概述,还有对审查,及迫害危机的警告。
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That's censorship, utterly straightforward.
这是控制，非常直接。
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The question of censorship and the telling of lies is introduced, in other words, as a question of military necessity, controlling the guards or the auxiliaries of the city, its warrior class.
审查的问题,及说谎的导入，换句话说，就像军备的问题，控制守卫人员,或说是城市的后备，战士阶级。
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We know what censorship is. Censorship is the banning of books that have been published and that have been deemed by the state authorities to be dangerous or harmful in some way.
我们知道什么是控制，控制就是,禁止已经出版的书籍和被政府认为,在某些方面非常危险和有害的。
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Milton doesn't denounce censorship at all, although it comes up.
弥尔顿根本没有谴责出版控制，尽管有流露出一些来。
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He positions pro-censorship argument alongside anti-censorship rhetoric or metaphor, and there are dozens of moments in which it's just these opposites that are being asked to coexist in some kind of peace.
他把支持控制出版的论点和反对控制出版的修辞和,比喻放在一起，有无数次这样的对立,被要求和平共处在一起。
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Licensing differs from censorship in some important ways.
出版许可和出版控制在很多重要方面是不同的。
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You might think of walking in here expecting Professor Hungerford on censorship and getting me instead. But this is a very important idea for Nabokov both as a way of treating predecessors and as a way of writing. And I want to show you that way of writing very early in the book on page 10 now. Let's take a look at that.
你们可能期待亨格福特教授走上讲台,取代我讲审查制度，但这对纳博科夫而言,是非常重要的对待前辈和写作的方法,接下来，我将向你们展示,他的写作风格，在这本书的很前面，第10页，我们一起看一下。
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