How did it get this way? Just thinking over the long run, How did France end up so centralized?

为什么会这样,从长远来看,法国为何变得如此中央集权化

耶鲁公开课 - 1871年后的法国课程节选

And, so, this is an entry path to see this, to see this thing brought down as a symbol of centralized oppression.

这正是观察集权压制,走向末路的一个切入点

耶鲁公开课 - 1871年后的法国课程节选

Other countries have it centralized but in the U.S. it's split up over fifty states.

其他国家均实行国家统一监管,但美国却把监管权分给了各个州

耶鲁公开课 - 金融市场课程节选

An omnipresent bureaucracy with its detailed and all encompassing records gives the clearest picture of the power exercised by the centralized monarchs of the Mycenaean Age."

一个无处不在的官僚体制,所留下详尽细致,无所不包的记录,清晰地描绘了,迈锡尼时期中央集权统治的实行"

耶鲁公开课 - 古希腊历史简介课程节选

Now there's something very wrong about this diagram, in that it's showing these functions as sort of centralized in the core, and of course that's not how your body is organized.

这张图上有些东西是不对的,图上显示这些功能都围绕着一个核心,当然,这绝不是人体的组织形式

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

And, what they were trying to do was imagine a new world which would be less centralized; but, for the socialists, they wanted more centralization.

他们留下的目的就是,能生活在一个没有中央集权的社会中,但是,对于社会主义者来说则正相反

耶鲁公开课 - 1871年后的法国课程节选

All states centralized, became larger and centralized their ability to extract resources from their population.

所有中央集权化制的国家,会变得更大,并集中所有能力,对人民敲骨吸髓

耶鲁公开课 - 1871年后的法国课程节选

And,so,you've got these processes in the nineteenth century, economic processes that you find all over Europe that consolidate the power of the French State, centralized in Paris.

你了解到了,十九世纪的发展历程,经济发展历程,巩固了法国以巴黎为核心的,中央集权统治

耶鲁公开课 - 1871年后的法国课程节选

We've centralized the note issue in the United States starting in 1913 with the Federal Reserve Board so your notes that you see are called Federal Reserve Notes.

我们在1913年通过联邦储备金监察小组,集中了美国发行的钞票,所以你看到的钞票,叫做联邦储备券。

耶鲁公开课 - 金融市场课程节选

The currency is centralized at the European Central Bank.

货币在欧洲中央银行,被统一了。

耶鲁公开课 - 金融市场课程节选

Despite all of the--Mitterrand's plans for decentralization, and the creation of regional councils, basically France remains the most centralized state in Western Europe, and the role of Paris in French life does not have an equivalent in other European countries.

尽管密特朗计划在法国实施,去中央集权化并创立地方议会,法国基本上还是西欧,中央集权化程度最高的国家,巴黎在法国的地位是欧洲其它国家的城市,所不能比拟的

耶鲁公开课 - 1871年后的法国课程节选

Again, I want to say it's the because in Egypt the whole Nile Valley-- because I think of the nature of the Nile Valley-- became totally centralized, under the rule of one man, the Pharaoh, and he commanded the whole thing.

我想强调的是,由于在埃及的整个尼罗河流域,当然,我认为尼罗河流域的政权性质,是完全集权化的,法老是唯一的统治者,并且他控制着所有事物

耶鲁公开课 - 古希腊历史简介课程节选