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I think if you can imagine of the many, many,many colonies there were, that would have been the usual arrangement.
如果你们能想象,那里有无数的殖民地,这种情况一般是惯例
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So that is not territory that you can build colonies; you've got powerful empires to deal with.
因此在那里,你要面临波斯帝国的强权,当然不适宜建立希腊殖民地
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Now how do you find those colonies on a plate that have the plasmid that you want?
那我们如何辨别培养基上的哪些菌落,有我们需要的质粒呢
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Travelers from England and elsewhere, France, who would come to the American colonies and would travel throughout the colonies, would often comment on this, that somehow Southerners were different culturally, attitudinally, behaviorally.
那些从英格兰,法国或其他地方,来到美国殖民地,四处游历的旅行者们,常常会做出这样的评价,即南方人总是很特别,他们的文化,观念,行为均与众不同
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I should say all of these dates that I will be giving you are some combination of Greek tradition-- and the Greeks dated these colonies very specifically.
所有我提供的这些时期,有一些参考了古希腊的传统记载,古希腊人对这些殖民地有很明确的记录
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Were the Greek colonies near Portofino where you could put in?
你认为在菲诺港附近有希腊殖民地吗
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That's shown in this diagram as little colonies of bacteria that are growing on a plate.
图示上显示的是生长在培养基上的,一些菌落
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if you do that under the situation where you've put your plasmid into these micro-organisms then you're going to have little colonies that grow many copies of the bacterial cells.
如果你在质粒已经进入了微生物,的情况下培养它们,你就会得到许多小菌落,里面长有很多增殖出来的细菌
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Okay, now where are these colonies?
好了,那么那些殖民地在哪里呢
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Now, there are exceptions in both directions, and as it happens the cases I know best have to do with the city of Corinth sent out a lot of colonies, which is why we know something about their arrangements.
但是现在两方面都有特例存在,而且这特例就发生在我最为熟知的科林斯,科林斯建立了很多殖民地,因此我们现在能对它的安排有所了解
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There is an expansion of the Greek world already by the tenth century, and these folks are now settled down, so that some of these cities are in fact among the most important cities sending out colonies of their own.
希腊世界不停地扩展,一直到10世纪,那些逃亡者才安定下来,因此,这当中的,一些重要城市都拥有自己隶属的殖民地
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We do know, again, Thucydides is our source, that it was customary for colonies to send representatives back to the mother city for the religious observations that were common to them all, so that those create good feelings.
修昔底德的著作里提到,殖民地派遣代表回母邦,参与宗教仪式是他们的习俗,所以这使彼此间有了好感
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One of the things you kind of speculate about, and wonder about, why did some cities send out lots of colonies, some cities send out only a few, and others none at all for quite a while.
也许你感到疑惑的一件事是,为什么有些母邦派出了大量移民,另一些只有一些移民,还有其他母邦在很长时间根本没向外移民呢
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Colony is a Latin word ultimately for colonia and the Roman colonies were, first of all,garrisons that they planted in land they had conquered to keep the people quiet.
殖民地是拉丁词Colony的衍生,对于古罗马的殖民地来说,首先,派兵驻守占领的城市,震慑当地民众
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