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What was neat about it is before that time, the predominant species to use for air conditioning or refrigeration was ammonia.
在这之前是很整洁的，之前最主要的用于空调或者冰箱的,物质是氨。
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The question of whether discriminant conditioning has been used with babies to explore what sort of concepts they have.
这个问题是,在探究婴儿拥有什么类型的概念时,是否对婴儿应用了判别式条件作用
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And, in general, the idea of what goes on in classical conditioning is that the response is sort of a preparation.
一般认为，在经典条件作用中,反应就是某种准备过程。
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The findings of classical conditioning have been extended and replicated in all sorts of animals including crabs, fish, cockroaches and so on.
经典条件作用在所有的动物研究中,都得到了扩展和重复,这些动物包括了螃蟹，鱼类，蟑螂等。
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He developed the theory of classical conditioning by making a distinction between two sorts of conditioning, two sorts of stimulus response relationships.
他通过区分两种条件作用,两种刺激反应关系，提出了经典条件作用理论。
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More speculatively, classical conditioning has been argued to be implicated in the formation of sexual desire, including fetishes.
更大胆的推测则是，经典条件作用,涉及了性欲形式的形成，包括了恋物癖的形成。
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Part of the problem with using operant conditioning with babies is it's difficult to get them to behave in any systematic way.
应用操作性条件作用的部分问题在于,很难使婴儿们按照系统的方式行动
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Through the simple tools of classical conditioning then, the shoe becomes a conditioned stimulus giving rise to the conditioned response of sexual pleasure.
接下来，通过经典条件作用，鞋子变成了条件刺激,引起了性快感这一条件反应。
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Well, when Pavlov, for instance, started before conditioning there was simply an unconditioned stimulus, the food in the mouth, and an unconditioned response, saliva.
比如，在条件作用形成之前,只是简单的存在着无条件刺激，即食物，以及无条件反应，即唾液。
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This is very different from classical conditioning and one way to see how this is different is for classical conditioning you don't do anything.
这与经典条件作用非常不同,两者间不同的一点在于,在经典条件作用中,你的行为是不自主的。
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So, to illustrate Skinnerian theory in operant conditioning, I'll give an example of training a pig.
为了说明斯金纳的操作性条件作用理论，我会给大家举一个训练猪的例子。
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The third and final type of learning is known as operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning.
第三种，也是最后一种学习类型,叫做作操作性条件作用,或是工具性条件作用。
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And more generally, the problem is you can talk about what other people do in terms of reinforcement and punishment and operant conditioning and classical conditioning.
更加一般性的问题便是,你可以用强化和惩罚，操作性条件作用,以及经典条件作用之类的术语,来解释他人的行为。
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And it also brings us back to the lecture on behaviorism where we talked about classical conditioning and different theories of what people are afraid of.
这把我们带回到行为主义讲座中,我们谈论经典条件型反射,及人们害怕的不同理论。
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And because of operant conditioning, the baby is driven towards the adult.
因为操作性条件作用，婴儿跟着成年人。
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Since the connection with the poker chips is established through classical conditioning, sooner or later by that logic the poker chips would lose their power to serve as reinforcers.
因为与扑克筹码有关的联结,是通过经典条件作用建立的，所以按照这种逻辑,扑克筹码迟早会失去强化物的作用。
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You can make "Good dog" positive through classical conditioning.
你可以通过经典条件作用,使“好狗狗“一词变成积极刺激。
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It's that what happens in classical conditioning is preparation.
它认为，经典条件作用只是准备阶段。
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And the therapy he gets is classical conditioning.
他接受的就是以经典条件作用,为原理的行为治疗。
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So, what do we think about classical conditioning?
我们该如何看待经典条件作用？
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Classical conditioning shows up all over the place.
经典条件作用随处可见。
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He argued for the notions of operant conditioning to be extended to everyday life and argued that people's lives would become fuller and more satisfying if they were controlled in a properly behaviorist way.
他认为我们应当,将众多操作性条件作用的概念,应用于日常生活之中,他还认为，如果能够以行为主义者眼中,恰当的方式来控制人们的行为,那么人们便会拥有更加充实美满的生活。
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Mechanisms like habituation, classical conditioning and operant conditioning are real; they can be scientifically studied; and they play an important role in the lives of animals and probably an important role in human lives as well.
诸如习惯化，经典条件作用，操作性条件作用之类的机制,都是真实存在的;,这些机制都能得到科学的研究;,它们在动物的生活里起到了重要的作用,或许在我们人类的生活中,也同样起到了重要的作用。
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This almost certainly is not the right story but again, just as in phobias, some ideas of classical conditioning may play some role in determining what we like and what we don't like sexually.
这个解释肯定是错的,但是，与在恐惧症中的作用相同，经典条件作用,或许对我们在性活动方面的喜恶,起着一定的决定作用。
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As a result of this sort of conditioning, he then when he experiences real world violence, he responds with nausea and shock; basically, training him to get away from these acts of violence.
作为这种条件作用的结果，当他在现实中经历暴力行为时，便会引起恶心和休克;,总体来说，就是训练他远离暴力行为。
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Instrumental conditioning is voluntary.
工具性条件作用则是有机体的自发行为。
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That's how operative conditioning works.
这就是操作性条件反射。
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