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So, it's awkward to have to wait for a cow to get infected before you can vaccinate a population.
在给人们预防接种之前,你只有干等着,直到有一头奶牛感染了病毒才行
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So if you want a real milk to drink, go to the cow and tell, "Give me fresh milk."
所以，如果你想喝真正的牛奶了，就去跟牛说，“给我点儿新鲜牛奶吧。”
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What if you're talking about a group of people that don't have any cows in their vicinity, let alone a sick cow?
万一你遇到一群人,他们附近连头奶牛都没有,更不用说受病毒感染的奶牛
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It's a big change in some of these very poor villages to get a cow.
奶牛对这些赤贫的村庄来说可是生财之道
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The answer is 2200 liters of barley, 526 of olives, 468 of wine--I hope you remember all this; fifteen rams, one fat hog, one cow, and two bulls.
答案是两千二百升大麦,五百二十六个橄榄,四百六十八桶酒--我希望你们全能记住,十五头公羊,一头肥猪,一头母牛和两头公牛
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But if I join a fraternity and they pour cow poop on my head and make me stand in the rain for a month wearing pantyhose while they throw rocks at me I then think--after it I think "God, I went through a lot of stuff to get into this fraternity.
但如果我加入之前，他们要往我头上泼牛粪,要我穿着女内裤在雨中站一个月,他们还朝我扔石头,事后我就会想,”为了加入这个兄弟会我吃了不少苦头“
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One is that you got to get the vaccine from cows, so you got to have an infected cow in order to produce the vaccine.
一是,你若要想从奶牛身上得到疫苗,那就得有一头奶牛感染病毒
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Now we don't need the cow anymore because you could pass it from one person to another, and pass the immunity from one person to another.
由于它可以在人与人之间传播,就不再需要奶牛了,就可以把免疫力在人与人之间传播
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Even--or a large animal like a cow.
而像奶牛这样大的动物就更难保存了
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You'd want to make sure that you separated the virus from all the other parts of cow skin so that your ultimate preparation was enriched in the virus and didn't contain quantities of other things that would be hazardous.
你要保证,你从所有的牛皮组织上分离出病毒,这样最终的制剂产品才会富集病毒,并且不会携带其它物质,这些物质可能带来危险
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When you would take the fluid from the cow, and you would inject it underneath the skin of a person you wanted to protect, then at that site where you injected it, you would get a lesion that looked like a smallpox or cowpox lesion.
当你从奶牛上得到脓液,并把脓液注射到想受到保护的,人的皮肤下面,然后在你注射的地方,你会看到像天花或者牛痘一样的病变
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The other problem is that as it was passed from me to another individual, to another individual, then the vaccine could change in some ways that were hard to predict because what accumulates in the lesion in my arm is different in some way than what accumulates in the lesion on a cow.
另外一个问题是当疫苗从我这传到另一人,到另一个个体,疫苗可能会发生某些改变,这种改变很难预测,因为胳膊上积累的病变,与牛身上积累的病变是不太一样的
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Right. So, he took fluid from a cowpox lesion on a cow, and he injected it into his children and his wife, reasoning that this would protect them from disease, even though they didn't have as much contact with cows as farmers did.
就是这样,他从奶牛身上的,天花瘢痕中取出液体,将之注入他的妻儿体内,认为这样可以保护他们不得天花,即使他们并不像农民一样时时与奶牛接触
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But what if instead of taking the fluid from a cow, I inoculated--he inoculated me, let's say, and waited until I had the lesion at the right stage, then took some of my fluid and gave it to Brian and Nate and Mirtalla and spread it through the community around me.
但假如不从奶牛那儿取得脓液,假设说是从他那里接种,等到病变程度合适,然后把我的脓液给,布莱恩和纳特还有米特拉,并在我身边的人们之间传播
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Vacca is the, I'm sure there's a Latin scholar in here that will correct my pronunciation, but vacca is the Latin word for cow.
acca是,我确定这里有一个拉丁学者的话,他会纠正我的拉丁发音,vacca是拉丁语中"牛"的意思
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