Once they have it, and they plant permanent crops, that changes the whole basis of society and the values, and the attitudes that go with it.

一旦他们拥有了土地,他们会栽种长期作物,这就改变了整个社会的物质基础和价值观,以及处理这种问题时的态度

耶鲁公开课 - 古希腊历史简介课程节选

That meant that people growing corn were less-- less vulnerable to having things wipe out entire crops because there were different types of crops planted around the world, so the world corn supply would never be threatened by anything.

也就是说只要人们种植玉米,整个粮食体系就不可能那么轻易被摧毁,由于世界各地种植着不同品种的玉米,世界玉米供应不会受到任何影响

耶鲁公开课 - 关于食物的心理学、生物学和政治学课程节选

This is something brand new in the world and we shall see how it crops up in different forms and how it shapes the course of Greek history.

公民乃世间一全新产物,我们应透视其是如何以不同的形态产生,以及如何引领希腊历史之路的

耶鲁公开课 - 古希腊历史简介课程节选

Hard to believe today, but Sicily was one of the major granaries of the Mediterranean world at that time, tremendously fruitful, able to grow the best possible crops, very good wheat and so on.

在今天很难想象,但西西里是当时地中海地区,最主要的粮仓之一,产物丰盛,能够种植最好的谷物,上乘的小麦等等

耶鲁公开课 - 古希腊历史简介课程节选

So, you have varied crops, among them.

然后,你更换不同的作物,在土地上轮作

耶鲁公开课 - 古希腊历史简介课程节选

Have we left out any other crops?

我们还有什么作物没有提到吗

耶鲁公开课 - 古希腊历史简介课程节选

The biodiversity has shrunk for various reasons of profitability and as a consequence of that things like corn crops, and the orange crops in Florida are particularly susceptible to certain environmental conditions, certain pests, and certain types of blight.

生物多样性的减少源自利益的驱动,和玉米一样,佛罗里达的柑橘作物很容易受到,一定环境条件的影响,还有虫害和枯萎病

耶鲁公开课 - 关于食物的心理学、生物学和政治学课程节选

Well, now one of the things farmers in history discovered is that it's very hard to do well as a farmer if all you do is grow the crops, because people normally don't use what you grow in the form in which you grow it.

关于农民我们在历史上能够得知的一件事是,当好农民很困难,特别是只种农作物的农民,因为人们一般不会将,你从地里种出来的东西留作种子

耶鲁公开课 - 古希腊历史简介课程节选

Serfs who are compelled to work the land, or in some places even slaves, well, they have no incentive, put aside the question even of capacity, to invest capital for the purpose of improving the size and quality of the their crops, their trees, their vines.

那些被强迫耕种土地的农奴,或者是那些在其他地方直接成为奴隶的人,刨除能动性因素,农场主们,没有任何理由投资钱财,去改善他们农作物,果树和葡萄,的种植规模和品质

耶鲁公开课 - 古希腊历史简介课程节选

And then there would be the butchering of the animal, there would be the securing the crops from the fields, and then bringing it to wherever you were going to eat it, which burns more calories and requires more physical effort, compared to the person on the right that really doesn't have to do much at all.

然后,他们要屠宰动物,要看护好地里的庄稼,还要把食物带到进食的地方,与右边的人相比,他们消耗更多卡路里,需要更强的体力,后者根本不必需付出那么多

耶鲁公开课 - 关于食物的心理学、生物学和政治学课程节选