This indicates that by combining two lithiums, the energy of the combined system is lower than the energies of the atomic systems.

结果显示，两个锂结合后，其结合后的能量,比原子体系的能量要低。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

So here's the pneumonic I mentioned for writing the electron configuration and getting those orbital energies in the right order.

这里是我提到的,对于写电子构型,和以正确的顺序得到轨道能量。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

this is now a chart of just a component number five, 787 the lattice energies. Keep this number in mind, 787.

这是成分5的图表，晶格能，记住这个数。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

So, all I want to do now is look at the derivatives of the free energies with respect to temperature and volume and pressure.

我现在所要做的一切就是,考察自由能对,温度，体积和压强的偏导数。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

The Protestant Reformation, and especially the rising energies of Puritanism in the early seventeenth century, are beginning to do a lot to change this state of affairs.

新教宗教改革，尤其是活力不断上升的清教主义,在17世纪早期，为了改变这种状态开始做出许多努力。

耶鲁公开课 - 弥尔顿课程节选

So let's address this by considering another example, which should clarify what the difference is between these ionization energies.

让我们用另外一个例子来讲一讲这个问题，这应该能够说清楚,各个电离能之间的区别。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

So, I think we have these molecular orbital energies down, so let's move on to talking about more complex molecules.

分子轨道能量就说到这里，让我们继续来讨论一下更复杂的分子。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

You'll also know that all of these binding energies here are negative, so the negative sign indicates that it's low.

你们将会知道所有的这些,结合能都是负的。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

We have to account for that in some way because we know that they don't have identical average valence electron energies.

我们需要从一些方面来解释一下,因为我们都知道,他们没有相同的,平均价电子能。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

Then we'll move on to talking about the binding energies, and we'll specifically talk about how that differs from the binding energies we saw of hydrogen atoms.

然后我们将会讨论结合能,而且我们将特别地讨论，那个如何与氢原子,的结合能不同,我们讨论氢原子特别深入。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

Here is a chart that just shows the positive energies, and you can see the various components, and then the negative energies and the net.

这是展示正能量的表格，你可以看到不同的成分，负能量和总能量。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

So, you can see how this can directly give us different ionization energies for any atom that we're interested in studying.

那么，大家可以理解,这种技术如何直接给出我们所要研究的,任何一种原子的所有不同的电离能。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

For example, with neon we can think about all of the different orbital energies we could be looking at.

比如氖，我们可以想象一下,它的所有不同轨道的能量。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

And the reason for this, and this is a very important point about the photoelectric effect, and the point here is that the electrons here are acting as particles, you can't just add those energies together.

这个现象的原因是，这是光电效应非常重要的一个论点,这个论点就是电子,在这里是粒子行为，你不能仅仅把这些能量加在一起。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

And, subsequently, we looked at photoelectron spectroscopy which is a technique that allows us to determine binding energies, ionization energies being just one example.

随后，我们看了光电子谱,这是一种只用一个样品,能够测量结合能，离子化能的技术。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

And knowing now how to calculate these free energies especially the Helmholtz and the Gibbs free energies,that's what's going to guide us in really calculating quantitatively, OK, where will equilibrium lie.

知道如何计算,这些自由能,尤其是亥姆赫兹和吉布斯自由能之后,这些数值计算就能告诉我们，平衡态到底是什么样子。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

So, we'll pick up with that, with some of the solutions and starting to talk about energies on Friday.

会去解薛定谔方程的某个方面，我们在周五,将从一些薛定谔方程的解开始。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

So, let's take a look at the different kinetic energies that would be observed in a spectrum for neon where we had this incident energy here.

那么，让我们来看一下,在已知入射能量的情况下,可以在氖光谱中观测到哪些不同的动能。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

That is going to equal the energy of the electrons in H2 minus the energies of the electrons in H.

这等于H2分子的能量2,减去H原子中电子的能量。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

We call these first, second, third ionization energies in sequence. This is the first ionization energy.

我们按照顺序把这些叫做一级，二级,三级电离能，这是初级电离能。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

If you looked at heteronuclear molecules and you wanted to compute the bond energy, you might start with the bond energies of the two constituents.

如果你看那些相同电子的分子,你想计算共享能，你也许会从,两个组成部分的总能量。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

And, if they don't share equally, then the individual bonds might have different energies.

如果他们不是等价的共用，个别的键,可能有不同的键能。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

I want to show you another way to get a sense of these energies.

我想通过其它的方式,使我们更好了解这些能量的形式。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

I have three out of the five energies, and they are all positive.

这有3/5的能量，他们都是正的。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

This is purely covalent because all it is is homonuclear bond energies.

是一个完全的共价成分,他的理由是他们都是同核共价。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

So, my question to you is are these two energies equal?

那么我想问大家，这两个能量相等吗？

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选