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First we can do that by knowing the electron configuration, we can write it out just by going up the table here, up the energy levels.
首先我们知道了电子构型，我们可以从，能量最低处开始填。
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Now I have lambdas associated with transitions between energy levels in atomic hydrogen.
现在我把波长和,氢原子中的,能级跃迁联系起来。
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What we're going to start with is discussing photoelectron spectroscopy, which is a spectroscopy technique that will give us some information about energy levels in multielectron atoms.
首先，我们将讨论,光电子能谱，通过这种技术,我们能够得到多电子原子的能级信息。
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That's when we stop giving ourselves the permission to be human, and we pay a price, in terms of our energy levels, of our wellbeing, of our happiness, of our creativity, and ultimately also our success.
那时我们停止准许自己为人，为此我们付出代价，包括精力水平，幸福感，快乐感，创造力，最终以成就大小作为代价。
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The Schr?dinger equation will give us the energy levels in molecules.
薛定谔方程会告诉我们,分子中的能级。
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So if we think about what we would do to actually write out this configuration, we just write the energy levels that we see here or the orbital approximations.
如果我们考虑我们所做的去,实际写出电子构型，我们只是写出我们看到的能级,或者是轨道近似就可以了。
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And even though he could figure out that this wasn't possible, he still used this as a starting point, and what he did know was that these energy levels that were within hydrogen atom were quantized.
这是不可能的了,但他还是以此为出发点，他知道，氢原子的这些能级,是量子化的,而且他也知道，我们上节课所看到现象。
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So what we'll start with today is talking about the technique that's primarily used to actually experimentally figure out what these different energy levels are.
因此，我们今天首先要讨论的就是,最常用来在实验上,确定不同能级的技术。
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We would give you the energy levels and ask you to rationalize something that we are going to tell you is true.
我们会告诉你能级,然后叫你解释一些东西,一些待会我会告诉你它是正确的东西。
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He preserved the broad concept of energy levels but put in some fine structure.
他继承了波尔的广泛意义上的能级概念,但引进了一个新的结构。
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This actually relates very closely to what we discussed in class on Friday before the long weekend, and what we were talking about is the energy levels of multielectron atoms.
这实际上与,上个长周末之前的周五的课上,我们所讨论的内容有着密切的联系，当时我们在讨论,多电子原子的能级。
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And as you go to higher and higher levels, those energy levels, as you saw in the case of hydrogen, are more closely spaced.
当能级变得越来越高，那些高能级的轨道，就会变得越来越接近，正像你在氢原子里看到的那样。
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So we have four choices in terms of initial and final energy levels, and also what it means - in terms of the electron -- whether it's gaining energy or whether it's going to be emitting energy?
我们有这四个选项,各有不同的初始能量和末能量,它都是按照电子来说的,不管是失去能量还是得到能量？
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And that is that the energy levels themselves change with electron occupancy.
就是能级本身,也会随着电子的排布发生变化。
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And thanks to our equation simplified here, it's very easy for us to figure out what actually the allowed energy levels are.
由于有了简化的方程，我们很容易看出,这些允许的能级在那里。
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So it turns out that we can, in fact, use the energy levels to predict, and we could if we wanted to do them for all of the different wavelengths of light that we observed, and also all the different wavelengths of light that can be detected, even if we can't observe them.
事实上我们可以用能级预测,而且如果我们想的话，我们可以,对所有观测到的光的波长预测，也可以对所有探测到的光预测,即使我们看不到它们。
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Now what I want to do is take you exactly to this place where we are right now, where we see energy levels and electron filling, but I want to start all over again and I want to use a totally different approach.
现在我想做的是带你们,到达我们现在所处的地方，我们能看到能量级和电子分布的地方，但我想重新开始,而且用一个完全不同的方法。
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So, if we start instead with talking about the energy levels, we can relate these to frequency, because we already said that frequency is related to, or it's equal to the initial energy level here minus the final energy level there over Planck's constant to get us to frequency.
如果我们从讨论能级开始，我们可以联系到频率上,因为我们说过频率和能量相关,或者说等于初始能量,减去末态能量除以普朗克常数。
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Where am I going to get those energy levels from?
我到哪里去获得这些能级呢？
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So that's just a little bit of a check for yourself, and it should make sense because what you're doing is you're calculating the difference between energy levels, so you just need to flip around which you put first to end up with a positive number here, and that's a little bit of a check that you can do what yourself.
所以你们总要确保括号，离得这项是正的，这是你们自己,可以做的检查，这事很有道理的，因为你们做的是计算能量差,所以你需要调整顺序来保证一个正数，这是你们自己可以做的检查。
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So, what he did was kind of impose a quantum mechanical model, not a full one, just the idea that those energy levels were quantized on to the classical picture of an atom that has a discreet orbit.
还不是完整的,只是这些能级，是量子化的概念，作用到原子有分立轨道的经典原子模型上,当他做了一些计算后,他得到有个半径,他算出来。
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and he knew this the same way that we saw it in the last class, which is when we viewed the difference spectra coming out from the hydrogen, and we also did it for neon, but we saw in the hydrogen atom that it was very discreet energy levels that we could observe.
那就是,当我们看氢原子发出的光谱时，我们也看了氖气,但我们看到,氢原子能级是分立的，这些，在当时,已经被观察到了,他也都知道。
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And we can look at precisely why that is by looking at the equations for the energy levels for a hydrogen atom versus the multi-electron atom. So, for a hydrogen atom, and actually for any one electron atom at all, this is our energy or our binding energy.
而且我们可以精确地看看,为什么是这样的,通过看对于氢原子和,多电子原子能级的方程所以对于氢原子，事实上对于任何一个电子，这是我们的能量或者我们的结合能。
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s plus 1s gives you this oval ellipsoid which is the bonding, and here are the antibonding, and then these are the energy levels that I have been drawing for you.
s和1s上两个电子组成的键合电子成椭圆形,这是成键，这是反键电子，这些是刚刚已经画过的能级,我也给你们画了。
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The differences between those energy levels are becoming smaller and smaller as the n number rises.
那些能级间的差异,会随着n值的增加变得越来越小。
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So as I tried to say on the board, we can have n equals 1, 1/2 but since we can't have n equals 1/2, we actually can't have a binding energy that's anywhere in between these levels that are indicated here. And that's a really important point for something that comes out of solving the Schrodinger equation is this quantization of energy levels.
我在这要说的是，我们可以让n等于，但不能让n等于,我们不能得到在这些标出来的,能级之间的结合能，能级的量子化,是从解薛定谔方程中,得到的很重要的一点。
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The formula tells us or absorbed based on the energy difference between the two levels that we're going between, that the electron is transitioning between.
这些公式告诉我们,或发出的光的，频率大小,是基于，电子转移的，两个能级，之间的能量差。
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So this means that we can go directly from the energy between two levels to the frequency of the photon that's emitted when you go between those levels.
这意味着我们可以直接,从两个能级的能量得到它们之间,跃迁发射出光子的频率。
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And what we predict as an energy difference between two levels, we know should correspond to the energy of light that's either emitted, if we're giving off a photon, or that's absorbed if we're going to take on a photon and jump from a lower to a higher energy level.
我们预测，两个能级之间的能量差，我们知道，它要么和发出的光有关,如果它发出光子的话，要么它吸收光子,从低能级跃迁到，更高能级上去。
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