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They integrate their DNA into the host genome and you might not want to make that kind of a change in the cell.
而且也许你也并不想让逆转录病毒基因,整合进宿主的基因组
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You've heard about the human genome project, we'll talk about that a little bit later.
你们一定听说过人类基因组计划,之后我们会讨论一些有关这个计划的内容
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The genome starts piling on mutations that mean nothing; that's how they date the branches of the genome, by looking at the number of neutral mutations.
基因积累了许多无意义的突变,这就是他们如何鉴定基因分支的年代,看中性突变的数量就行了
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The proteins that are produced by genes that are on the viral genome get transcribed and translated in order to make more structural proteins that are needed for assembly of the virus.
由病毒基因组上的基因,通过转录和转译制造出来的蛋白质,以便可以制造出更多的,被病毒组合所需的结构蛋白
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The difference the real difference is in what genes its expressing of the total number of genes in the human genome and therefore if it's expressing these unique this unique set of genes.
真正的不同之处是,在这些细胞中,表达的是人类全部基因中的不同基因,因此如果细胞表达的是,这组独特的基因
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Because they've made many copies of their genome and they've made all the proteins that are necessary to - for assembly of a new virus, then this cell can make many new viruses.
因为病毒制造了大量病毒基因组的拷贝,和所有,新病毒组装所需的蛋白质,所以这个细胞就有能力制造大量新的病毒
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Out of all the genes that are on the human genome which fraction is this particular cell using, which fraction is it expressing determines what proteins are present in the cell, determines what work or what activities the cell can engage in.
人类基因组全部基因中的,特定细胞所表达的基因片段,细胞表达的是哪段基因,决定了细胞中存在什么样的蛋白,决定了细胞会有什么样的功能,或者参与何种生命活动
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Now DNA that's produced this way is not called genomic DNA because this doesn't match the DNA in your genome, on your chromosomes,right?
现在造出来的这个DNA,不叫基因组DNA,因为这跟你基因组里的DNA不一样,跟你染色体上的基因不一样,对吧
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Because HIV is an RNA virus and if it enters your cell the only way it can replicate, it can put its DNA into your cells, is by first making DNA out of its RNA genome.
因为HIV是RNA病毒,如果它进入你的细胞,它复制自己的唯一方式,它能把自己的DNA转入你的细胞,方法是先用自己的,RNA基因组制造出DNA
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It's an example of a technology called a gene chip that allows you to, on each one of these spots there is DNA for example, that's specific for a particular gene in your genome, in the human genome for example.
这是一种叫做,基因芯片的技术,其上每个点可能代表着一种DNA,它是你基因组中一个特定的基因,亦或是人类基因组中的一个基因
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Certain segments of DNA are being converted into RNA, and whereas in replication, you have to copy the whole genome, the whole - all of the chromosomes, all of the DNA contained in the chromosomes of the cell in order to completely replicate it; transcription only works on particular sequences of DNA.
特定的DNA序列被转录为RNA,在复制的过程中,整条染色体都被复制,包括其中的全部DNA序列,都被分毫不差地复制下来,以保证复制的完整性,而转录过程只发生在特定的DNA序列上
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The goal of that was to take for a typical human, or for a typical - in the case of the human genome project maybe you're looking at fruit flies, you want to look at all the DNA in a fruit fly, but to look at the sequence of base pairs that makes up human DNA and write them all out; we'll talk about that later.
这个计划的目的是,建立一个有代表性人类的基因顺序,或者说是典型的人类基因组,就人类基因组计划来说,或许你在研究果蝇,你想观察果蝇内的所有DNA,而人类基因组计划是观察组成人类的,DNA的碱基对顺序并且将它们记录下来,我们不久之后会讨论这些内容
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