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And so that led us to the definitions of other energy quantities, the Helmholtz and Gibbs free energy.
这就要求我们定义,其他的和能量相似的物理量，亥姆赫兹和吉布斯自由能。
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The Gibbs free energy. Notice, we could also write, let's rewrite that.
吉布斯自由能，注意，我们还可以这样写，重写一下。
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Where did you hear about Gibbs from?
你们是在哪听说这个名字的
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So again with the Gibbs free energy, now I see how to determine, if I change the pressure, if I change the temperature by some modest amount, how much is the Gibbs free energy going to change?
再一次通过吉布斯自由能，我知道当我，适当的改变压强和，温度的时候，吉布斯自由能如何变化？
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And knowing now how to calculate these free energies especially the Helmholtz and the Gibbs free energies,that's what's going to guide us in really calculating quantitatively, OK, where will equilibrium lie.
知道如何计算,这些自由能,尤其是亥姆赫兹和吉布斯自由能之后,这些数值计算就能告诉我们，平衡态到底是什么样子。
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It's the state that has the lowest Gibbs free energy.
它具有最小的吉布斯自由能。
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In fact, the first PhD degree in engineering was awarded to a fellow named J. Willard Gibbs at Yale in 1863 for a thesis he did on how gears work or something, I forget exactly what the details are, but have you heard of Gibbs?
事实上 工程学的第一个博士学位授予了,一个名叫约西亚?威拉德?吉布斯的人,在一八六三年的耶鲁,他的论文是关于传动装置是如何工作的,细节方面的东西我记不清了,你们听说过吉布斯这个人么
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Where the Gibbs free energy, TS u plus pV minus TS is H minus TS.
吉布斯自由能等于，内能u加上pV减去TS，也是自由焓H减去。
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And that's why the Gibbs free energy is just so enormously important.
吉布斯自由能G在平衡态取得最小值,吉布斯自由能是最重要的。
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