Hepatitis is a virus that specifically affects the liver, so viruses are often specific to certain kinds of cells.

肝炎病毒就可以特异性的感染肝细胞,因病毒通常都有细胞特异性

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For example, what if you could make a hepatitis vaccine that was good in one shot instead of three shots?

比方说,如果你研制的一种肝炎疫苗,只需接种一次,而不是三次会怎么样

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The Hepatitis B subunit vaccine was produced at the same time that HIV-AIDS was being recognized as a problem in this country.

在乙肝亚基疫苗研制出来的同时,在该国家艾滋病开始被视为问题

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You know that there is a vaccine for hepatitis B, for example, which is on this list.

比如,你们知道现在有乙肝疫苗,它就在这个表上

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Then, your muscle cells would start producing Hepatitis B surface antigen and your immune system recognizing that's a foreign protein would start responding to it.

于是,肌肉细胞将会,开始制造乙肝表面抗原,然后免疫系统就会识别出,那是外来蛋白质并且产生免疫应答

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Well, this is an approach that's been used in a variety of vaccines, most successfully with Hepatitis B, so the problem is where do you get these proteins?

这种方式,已经为许多种疫苗使用,乙型肝炎疫苗是最成功的,但问题是该从哪里获得这些蛋白质呢

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So if you could make a hepatitis B vaccine that didn't require a shot or that didn't require refrigeration, that would be a tremendous advance in spreading that vaccine through the world.

所以如果你可以开发出这样的乙肝疫苗,它不需注射就能接种,或者不需要冷藏,这样的巨大进步,能够将疫苗的使用普及至全世界

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So, if you look in the blood of patients that are infected with Hepatitis B you find a lot of Hepatitis B surface subunits, proteins without the nucleic acid circulating in their blood.

因此,如果你观察一下,已经感染乙肝病毒患者的血液,你会发现许多乙肝病毒的表面亚基,以及血液循环中存在没有核酸的蛋白质

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