Fungi which don't often cause infections in people with healthy immune systems but can under some circumstances, and can be tremendous problems in patients that have weakened immune systems.

真菌在免疫系统健康的情况下通常,不引起感染,但在某些情况下也会感染,那就成了极大的问题,在免疫系统脆弱的病人体内

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Another example is in the nervous system, patients that have Parkinson's disease have too little of a natural ligand called dopamine.

另一个例子有关神经系统,帕金森氏病的患者,缺乏一种叫做多巴胺的天然的配体

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

This time, you're a transplant surgeon and you have five patients, each in desperate need of an organ transplant in order to survive.

这次你是一名器官移植医生，你有五名病人，每名病人都急需器官移植才能存活。

耶鲁公开课 - 公正课程节选

But it can be acquired in the air, from patients that are from- from other individuals that are infected.

天花会通过空气传播,通过病人和其他感染者呼出的空气传播

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

This time you're a doctor in an emergency room and six patients come to you.

这次你是一名急诊室的医生,有天送来了六个病人。

耶鲁公开课 - 公正课程节选

One is that doctors started washing their hands in between when they saw patients.

其一是医生现在在看完病人之后会洗手

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

And I've already given you some clues about this, in that this process of vaccination that Jenner had developed was intentionally injecting into healthy patients, a microorganism.

我刚刚已经向你们提示了一些,在詹纳发明的接种过程里,故意把微生物注射到健康病人身上

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Well, one way to get proteins, and it was first used in Hepatitis B, is to find patients, find individuals who are already infected with Hepatitis B.

获得蛋白质的方法之一,也是首次用于制造乙型肝炎疫苗的方法,就是寻找患者,寻找到一些已经感染乙肝的患者

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

We've found that stimulation, electrical stimulation deep in the brain can help patients that have Parkinson's Disease and can reduce the tremors and loss of muscle control that many patients with Parkinson's Disease use.

我们已经发现,这种脑部深层的电刺激,可以缓解帕金森氏症患者的症状,如震颤和肌肉丧失控制,许多帕金森氏症患者都使用这种疗法

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So, if you look in the blood of patients that are infected with Hepatitis B you find a lot of Hepatitis B surface subunits, proteins without the nucleic acid circulating in their blood.

因此,如果你观察一下,已经感染乙肝病毒患者的血液,你会发现许多乙肝病毒的表面亚基,以及血液循环中存在没有核酸的蛋白质

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Now, the problem, or one of the challenges with clinical trials of vaccines is that you have to enroll a lot of patients into clinical trials because only a few are going to get sick in any case, only 20 out of 100,000.

现在的问题是,这也是疫苗临床试验的挑战之一,临床试验必须包括足够多的病人,毕竟只有一小部分人会被传染,十万人里面只有二十人被传染

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选