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Now in addition to defining literature, literary theory also asks questions obviously not unrelated but which open up the field somewhat.
除了定义文学以外，文学理论还提出一些,显然不是不相关，却开辟了新领域的问题。
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That is to say, what we're taking up this week, is as much really the history of criticism as literary theory.
也就是说，我们这周要讲的，与其说是文学理论，不如说是文学评论的历史。
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This question of determinism is as important in the discourse of literary theory as the question of skepticism.
在文学理论的话语中,决定论的问题和怀疑论的问题是同等重要的。
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I first started teaching this course in the late 1970s and 80s when literary theory was a thing absolutely of the moment.
我在20世纪七八十年代时开始教这门课,当时文学理论非常流行。
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Literary theory is not concerned with issues of evaluation, and it's not really concerned with concomitant issues of appreciation.
文学理论不考虑评价问题，也不关心与评价相伴的欣赏问题。
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There's plainly a tendency in modern literary theory to reduce all the tropes of rhetoric to just these two terms.
在现代文学理论中有一个很明显的趋势,那就是减少一切华丽的辞藻，只保留这两个。
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That is to say for many, many, many people literary theory had something to do with the end of civilization as we know it.
这就是说对于很多很多人来说,文学理论与,我们所知道的文明的结束有些关联。
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Literary theory is very much involved with questions of that kind, and organizing those questions is basically what rationalizes the structure of our syllabus.
文学理论和这种问题有密切联系，我们的课程大纲基本上,就是根据这些问题来组织的。
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All right. Now the question, "How does literary theory relate to the history of criticism?"
现在我们来思考这个问题：,“文学理论和评论的历史有什么联系？
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This is an aspect of thought concerning literature that tends to fall out of literary theory but not out of the materials that we are reading this week.
这样其实是在,脱离了文学理论的框架来思考文学，但我们,还是要联系上这周在读的内容。
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That makes the subject matter that we'll be discussing this week, as I say, as much a part of the history of criticism as it is of literary theory.
这样一来，我们这周的内容就变得至关重要了，就像我说过的那样，我们将学习到文学理论方面,乃至评论史上重要的一章。
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In other words, in the absence of human agency, the first sacrifice for literary theory is the author, the idea of the author.
换句话说，由于不懂人类起源，文学理论的第一牺牲者,就是作家，作家的思想。
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During the same period when I was first teaching this course, a veritable six-foot shelf of diatribes against literary theory was being written in the public sphere.
我一开始教这门课的时候，文学理论遭到了,公开地谩骂。
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Literary theory, as I say, is skeptical about the foundations of its subject matter and also, in many cases, about the foundations of what it itself is doing.
就像我说的，文学理论，是对创作题材的怀疑,在很多情况下，也是对自身所做之事的基础的怀疑。
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You can take or leave literary theory, fine, but the idea that there would be such an incredible outcry against it was one of the most fascinating results of it.
上这门课也可以退掉这门课，都行，但是这种难以置信的强烈抗议,是开这门课最迷人的结果之一。
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Well, the odd thing is it's exactly the same with Saussure, who can be considered the father or patriarch of a certain kind of literary theory as I have just indicated.
索绪尔也是这样，他可以说是,某种文学理论之父了。
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Now semiotics is not in itself a literary theory.
符号学自身并不是文学理论。
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Literary theory loses something that literary criticism just takes for granted.
有一样东西在文学评论是理所当然的,而文学理论却没有。
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All of that is the legacy of literary theory, and as I say, it arises in part from the element of skepticism that I thought it best to emphasize today.
这都是文学理论的遗产，我说过，它部分源自于怀疑论元素,我想最好在今天强调一下。
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The important thing about Saussure and the discipline of semiotics is the incredible influence that it has had on virtually every form of subsequent literary theory.
索绪尔和其他符号学家都很关注的一件事就是,符号学对于,任意一种文学理论的影响。
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This in itself was extraordinarily useful and constructive, not just for subsequent literary theory, I think, but for the way in which English teaching actually can help people think better.
我觉得这真的很重要而且具有建设性意义，不仅是对以后的文学理论有影响，还使得英语课堂变得,真正可以引人思考了。
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So while again, what we read for today is not in itself literary theory, it is nevertheless crucially formative for a great many of the developments in literary theory that we'll be studying.
再重申一遍，我们今天读到的并不是文学理论，但是对于文学理论,的发展却又有重大贡献。
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As we'll learn from Jakobson next week, literature can be understood--or what he calls the study of literature, "poetics"--can be understood as a subfield of semiotics, but semiotics is not in itself a literary theory.
下周我们学雅各布森的时候也会看到，文学可以被理解为，诗学，即符号学的一个分支，但是符号学不是文学理论。
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Many of the issues that I raised in talking about defining literature are as relevant for literary criticism as they are for literary theory, and yet we all instinctively know that these are two very different enterprises.
当讨论文学的定义时，我提出的许多问题,对于文学理论和文学评论都同样相关，但我们都知道,它们是两个不同的概念。
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It's a course which is absolutely fascinating in all sorts of ways, and it has one very important thing in common with literary theory: that is to say, literary criticism is, too, perpetually concerned with the definition of literature.
这门课在各方面都很棒，而且它与文学理论有一个重要的相似之处：,即文学评论也永远会关注，文学的定义问题。
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Now I think that one thing Ricoeur leaves out, and something that we can anticipate as becoming more and more important for literary theory and other kinds of theory in the twenty-first century, is Darwin.
我想利科所遗漏的，也是我们预期对于,二十一世纪的文学理论和其他理论越来越重要的，是达尔文的理论。
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Finally, literary theory asks one other important question it asks many, but this is the way at least I'm organizing it for today it asks one other important question, the one with which we will actually begin: not so much "What is a reader?" but "How does reading get done?"
最后，文学理论给人们提出其它重要的问题,它提出许多问题，但我今天是这样组织的,它提出一个重要的问题，也就是我们今天开始要提出的问题：,不是“读者是谁“而是“阅读是如何开展的？“
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Literary theory just takes those for granted as part of the sense experience, as one might say, of any reader and prefers, rather, to dwell on questions of description, analysis and speculation, as I've said.
文学理论把这些,当作是读者感性认识的一部分，它更喜欢讨论关于描述，分析和猜测的问题，正如我之前，说过的那样。
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We're going to keep using the things that exist in space, virtual or not, and the things that unfold in time in their relationship with each other as we continue to try to understand these basic principles which shape so much of subsequent literary theory. Thank you.
我们将继续解释事物的存在，无论它们是否可见，我们会学习语言在一段时间里的关系,随着我们继续学习这些基本的概念,我们会进一步理解文学理论，谢谢。
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