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The manuscripts we find from this period are full of marginal notes where the scholars are chiding each other and saying, "No, no, no. It can't be that way."
我们找到了有大量旁注的手稿,学者们相互争论，互不服气“
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If both firms behave that way, prices will get driven down towards marginal cost and industry profits will suffer.
如果双方都采取这种策略,那么价格将会下降到边际成本,行业利润将会遭受损失
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And I think it made a marginal but real contribution to the possibility of normalization of relations there.
我觉得我们的贡献不大，但实实在在,帮助实现了两国的重新建交。
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This, I think you've gotten from other economics courses-- we have something called diminishing marginal utility.
我认为你们已经从其它的经济学课程中学过了,称为边际收益递减
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So that's the marginal improvement here and we've seen this syntax before.
所以这有少量的修改,我们之前遇到过这个语法。
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So, marginal land is brought into play with hard work and ingenuity, and this is one of the things that Hanson emphasizes that is so helpful.
那么,边际耕地需要,在一定的生产条件下,生产收益正好足以补偿所需费用的土地,这就是汉森所强调的相当有益的一点
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Zero profits, I'll make zero profits, so that certainly is a best response, pricing at marginal cost as well.
零利润,我将没有利润,所以这确实是一个最佳对策,也定价在边际成本
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Suppose Firm 1 is pricing at marginal cost and Firm 2 is pricing at something higher, a little bit higher.
假设公司1定价在边际成本,公司2定价稍微高点,高一点点
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There's one other possibility here I've missed which is what if Pepsi prices at marginal cost itself?
这里还缺少一个可能性,即,如果百事定价在边际成本怎么办
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Where's the marginal revenue, what's the marginal revenue look like in this picture on the left?
边际收益是什么样子的,左图中的边际收益图像是什么样的
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Just as last time, we're going to assume that costs are constant marginal costs.
就像上次一样,我们将假设成本是固定的边际成本
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In particular, we find that prices in the market are equal to marginal cost.
特别是,我们发现这个市场下的价格等于边际成本
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How much profits will I make if I price at marginal cost as well?
如果我定价在边际成本我能获得多少利润
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Firm 1 is pricing at marginal cost, the best response if the other guy is pricing at marginal cost is to price at marginal cost or above.
公司1定价在边际成本,针对对手定价在边际成本的最佳对策,是定价高于或等于边际成本
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So for those people who took Intro Economics, which is most of you, this is a game, this a setting in which we have constant marginal costs.
大多数学过经济学导论的同学都知道,这里的边际成本是一个常数
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Now this is marginal cost or above so this is the best response.
现在就是高于或等于边际成本,所以这是最佳对策
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It's where the marginal revenue is equal to the marginal costs.
是边际收入等于边际成本的那点
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Pepsi's pricing exactly at marginal cost, what's my best response?
百事将价格精确地设定在边际成本,我的最佳对策是什么
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What does the marginal revenue look like in this picture?
这个图像中的边际收入是什么呢
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They only capture fifty percent of their marginal benefit.
他们只能得到50%的边际收益
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It's where marginal revenue equals marginal cost, right?
是边际收入等于边际成本那点,对吧
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It's where marginal revenue equals marginal cost.
是边际收益等于边际成本的那点
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I could price at marginal cost as well.
我也将价格设定在边际成本
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What if Pepsi prices at marginal cost?
如果百事定价在边际成本怎么办
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To price at marginal cost as well.
也将价格设定在边际成本
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The exact shape of the curve is subject to discussion, but the point of diminishing marginal utility is that, as you get more and more money, the increment in utility for each extra dollar diminishes.
这条曲线的确切形状还有待讨论,但是边际效用递减规律的重点在于,你得到的钱越多,每额外的一美元的增长效用会相对减小
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Suppose Firm 1 is pricing at marginal cost is this a Nash Equilibrium?
假设公司1定价在边际成本,这是纳什均衡吗
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That's where the marginal cost and the demand thing, demand lines intersect.
应该是在边际成本,与需求曲线的交点上
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