Again, these plasmids occur naturally in nature; they were discovered particularly in micro-organisms have plasmids that confer biological properties onto them.

此外,质粒存在于自然界中,质粒是在微生物中发现的,它们也赋予了微生物一些生物学特性

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Honestly the harder classes that I'm in is... I'm in intermediate micro,

老实说，现在学习的比较难的课程是……中级微观经济学，

想学习宗教学 - SpeakingMax英语口语达人

Now most diabetics take human insulin made, not in humans, but made in micro-organisms that are growing in a manufacturing facility.

而现在,多数糖尿病患者用人的胰岛素,不是来自人体,而是来自工厂的微生物车间

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

The micronutrients, the vitamins part of the micro nutrients, would fall into several categories.

微量元素,微量元素之一的维生素,各自属于不同的分类

耶鲁公开课 - 关于食物的心理学、生物学和政治学课程节选

You know, even some goes pass you on the street and you don't smile ostensibly you don't smile-- there are certain micro-muscles in your face that are moving that actually make you feel better.

即使路人与你擦身而过时，你没笑,表面上你没有笑-,但你面部的细微肌肉,会收缩，让你感觉更好。

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So, you're familiar with some of these bacteria like salmonella, or the micro bacterium that causes tuberculosis are shown here.

所以 你们很熟悉像沙门氏菌这样的细菌,或者像这儿的引起结核的小细菌

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

You take that plasmid; you put in the micro-organism you're going to make many,many copies of that plasmid.

你把一个质粒放进微生物体内,你就会得到,很多很多质粒的拷贝

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

This restriction enzyme was found in a natural source, it was found in a micro-organism called E.coli.

这个限制性内切酶源于自然界,是从名为大肠杆菌的微生物中发现的

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Antibiotics are chemicals, usually small organic molecules that will kill micro-organisms like bacteria.

抗生素是一类化学物质,它们通常是小分子有机物,能够杀死细菌这样的微生物

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Then we'll talk about macro and micro nutrients.

还会谈到大量营养素及微量营养素

耶鲁公开课 - 关于食物的心理学、生物学和政治学课程节选

If a cell has a gene that makes it resistant to Ampicillin, that means that that micro-organism can survive being exposed to this normally deadly chemical without dying.

如果细胞带有一种基因,能够让它对氨苄青霉素产生抗性,即使把它放在,有致死剂量化学物质的环境中,它也能存活下来

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So being a micro-organism that got a plasmid that give you resistance to an antibiotic would be a good thing - that gave you resistance to something that naturally killed cells like you in your environment would be a good thing.

假如一个微生物,因含有质粒而具有抗生素抗性,这实在是一桩美事--,在同样的环境下,普通细胞会被杀死,而你们这些具有抗性的细胞却安然无恙,这实在太棒了

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

It's totally synthetic, there's no micro-organism involved in making the DNA for you, You can do it very rapidly in a laboratory, and fairly inexpensively now.

完全是复制的过程,没有任何微生物参与制造DNA,你可以在实验室里迅速地进行,费用现在也相当便宜了

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

That is a way of putting a cloned gene into a micro-organism and then using that micro-organism as sort of a factory for the protein.

这方法把克隆基因植入微生物之后,将其作为某种形式的蛋白质工厂

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

if you do that under the situation where you've put your plasmid into these micro-organisms then you're going to have little colonies that grow many copies of the bacterial cells.

如果你在质粒已经进入了微生物,的情况下培养它们,你就会得到许多小菌落,里面长有很多增殖出来的细菌

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

The promoter in this case is called the lac promoter and normally in micro-organisms that lac promoter is used to produce a gene called lacZ which makes a protein called beta-galactosidase.

在这个例子中的启动子称作lac启动子,通常在微生物中,lac启动子是用来生成,一段叫lacZ的基因,这段基因,能制造一种蛋白叫β-半乳糖苷酶

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Taq stands for thermos aquaticus, it's a marine micro-organism that lives near these hydrothermal events in the bottom of the sea and they live under very high temperatures and pressures all the time.

aq是"水生栖热菌"的简称,那是一种生活在靠近深海热液活动区的,海底微生物,它们长期生活在高温高压的环境中

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选