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This is denuded of an electron, it is Na plus.
这边是裸电子的，是钠正离子。
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I thought they were going to and that was to protect people who might be na?ve, innocent people who only have a million dollars or only have two million dollars and don't know what they're doing from hedge funds.
我认为他们这么做,是想保护一些没有经验的投资者,他们只有100万美元,或者只有200万美元,并不清楚对冲基金的操作流程
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DNA goes to RNA, goes to protein, that's it, and that is the way it happens in simple organisms like bacteria.
NA转录成RNA接着翻译成蛋白质,仅此而已,而这仅是细菌那样的简单有机体中的机制
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RNA polymerase is smart, it knows where it needs to go in order to make the copy of RNA that's required.
NA聚合酶很聪明,它知道该由什么位置介入,来转录所需要的RNA
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So the repeating unit in DNA is this structure here, a nucleotide, which has three different regions.
NA的重复单位就是,核苷酸,它有三个不同的区域
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The nucleus contains all the DNA, and so the early stages of gene expression, transcription, happened inside the nucleus where all the DNA is.
NA都在细胞核里,所以早期的基因表达,转录,发生在将所有DNA,都包于其中的细胞核中
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In this same way, this process of transcription which is occurring in cells throughout body all the time is made possible by a protein called RNA polymerase.
NA的合成也很类似,身体内每个细胞内,转录过程的进行都是在一种称作,RNA聚合酶的蛋白质催化下进行的
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DNA cloning, or any kind of cloning just means 'making copies of'.
NA克隆,或者任何一种克隆,本义就是"复制"
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DNA is a double helix, you know this, the double helix was--the structure of DNA was discovered about the time that I was born you've always lived with it.
NA是双螺旋结构,众所周知,DNA的这种双螺旋结构,是在我出生的那个年代才被发现的,它就是你生命的一部分
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The whole structure of a DNA molecule looks like this, going back to a more cartoon version like I showed you before but adding some detail onto it now.
NA分子的全部结构都和,刚才的卡通模型上差不多,但细节更为丰富
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RNA is converted into protein by a process called translation.
NA通过一个被称作翻译的过程,来指导生产蛋白质
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That's because you have to satisfy this base pair matching in order to have hydrogen bonding in each of the struts of the ladder in order to form a stable structure.
NA双链要满足互补配对原则,以使碱基对之间,形成氢键,从而形成稳定的双链结构
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A newer version of this that works in a similar way but a different way is called RNA interference, and it turns out that this is a natural mechanism that cells have.
NA干扰是这类方法的新秀,它的原理与其大同小异,已经证实 这是细胞的自然机制
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It's loaded with phosphates which are negatively charged.
NA分子上有很多带负电荷的磷酸根
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Synthesis always occurs in one direction and that makes sense to you now because you know there's a directionality and the chemistry is different going one way than the other and this DNA polymerase only works on the chemistry going in one direction.
NA复制过程是单向的,现在你们该明白原因了,因为DNA单链有方向性,DNA在两个方向上化学性质不同,DNA聚合酶,只在一个方向上起作用
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Now DNA is a double helix and I've only shown you one part of the helix, right? I've shown you one upright strut and a base hanging off of it, but it forms a double helix because complementary strands of DNA strongly associate with one another and that's a very stable structure.
NA是双螺旋,我只是给你们讲了螺旋的一边,我给你们演示,一条链的支柱及碱基团,但其能构成双螺旋,是因为DNA是完全互补的两条链,彼此之间结合紧密,结构异常稳定
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