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Again, these plasmids occur naturally in nature; they were discovered particularly in micro-organisms have plasmids that confer biological properties onto them.
此外,质粒存在于自然界中,质粒是在微生物中发现的,它们也赋予了微生物一些生物学特性
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And sexual selections give rise to a host of organisms, some of which survive and are fit and others which aren't.
性选择导致了大量有机体的产生，其中的一些有机体生存了下来,适应了竞争,而其他则遭到淘汰。
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Now most diabetics take human insulin made, not in humans, but made in micro-organisms that are growing in a manufacturing facility.
而现在,多数糖尿病患者用人的胰岛素,不是来自人体,而是来自工厂的微生物车间
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Now, the first application tends to not be quite as exciting as, for example, all the other organisms people have put it in since then you can have flies, you see transgenic mice that are glowing green with this GFP.
现在看来，第一个应用不像之后,其它放入一些生物一样激动人心,你可以用苍蝇，你可以看到发绿光的转基因老鼠。
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New genes emerge as dominant, no longer recessive or latent, and organisms change.
新的基因出现并支配，不在隐性潜伏，然后生物就突变了。
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Who were the organisms that would survive those conditions and then contribute to the gene pool?
什么生物体可以在那样的条件下存活,这又会导致基因库怎样的改变
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As I'm sure you know, we're able, with various lower organisms, to put them in a state of suspended animation and then, the amazing thing is, if you heat them back up again properly, they start functioning again.
我想你们一定知道，我们能够使各种低等生物，进入假死状态,而后令人称奇的是，如果将它们正确地重新升温，它们又会重新恢复功能。
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Of course, that's not the useful application for it, it's more of a proof of principle, but it does show you that you can put it in for studies in any organisms.
当然，这不是很有用的应用，这仅仅是一个原理上的证明，但它告诉你你可以把它,放到研究任何生物体中。
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We talk about cells as being kind of the fundamental unit of humans and other multi-cellular organisms.
我们某种意义上把细胞视为,人体和其它多细胞生物的基本单位
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If your gene goes in, you've interrupted the gene for antibiotic resistance and those new organisms aren't going to be resistant to antibiotic anymore.
如果基因进入了质粒,原本对抗生素有抗性的基因就被打断了,那些新细菌就不再对抗生素有抗性
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And so this slide just illustrates that in a simple way, the range of different kinds of organisms that your immune system is trying to--whoops!
这个幻灯片只是简要概括了,各种不同微生物的范围,你的免疫系统正在尝试,噢
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So these organisms like this are abundant in the world around us and our immune system prevents us from getting sick most of the time.
在我们周围充斥着像这样的生物体,而免疫系统在大多数时候能够抵御疾病
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In complex organisms like humans there's another step that we're still only learning about now.
在像人类这样的复杂有机体中,还有另一个我们至今仍未完全了解的步骤
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Parasitic organisms like protozoa and worms which are - which can cause terrible diseases.
而某些寄生生物,如原生动物和蠕虫,可以引起严重疾病
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Antibiotics are chemicals, usually small organic molecules that will kill micro-organisms like bacteria.
抗生素是一类化学物质,它们通常是小分子有机物,能够杀死细菌这样的微生物
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you know, organisms are changing like crazy.
生物像是疯了一样进化。
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