It could be aluminum, silicone, phosphorous, sulfur, c hlorine or argon.

答案可能是铝，硅，磷，硫,氯或者氩。

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This is a signal - this passing of phosphorous - is a signal that's used very frequently in intracellular communication.

这是一种信号,一种通过磷酸来传递的信号,这种信号在细胞内通讯时经常被用到

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So between b e, and b, between n and o, magnesium and aluminum, and then phosphorous and sulfur, what we see here is that we're kind of going down, or quite specifically, we are going down.

比如从铍到硼，从氮到氧，从镁到铝，从磷到硫，我们在这些地方看到有点下降，或者可以明确地说，我们确实在下降。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

They would be things like calcium phosphorous, potassium, sodium, etc.

比如钙,磷,钾,钠等等这些

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We told you that phosphorous has 5 valence electrons plus 3 from each of the hydrogens, so we have a total of 8 valence electrons.

我告诉过你们磷有5个价电子,另外氢有3个，所以我们一共有8个价电子。

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Well, imagine if that change in structure could be switched on and off by addition of a phosphorous; and in fact it can in many proteins.

那么,想象一下,只需引入磷酸基团,就能导致蛋白质的结构发生变化,事实上很多蛋白质就是如此

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It can 'phosphorylate' or add a phosphorous to another protein.

它能够磷酸化蛋白,也就是给其他蛋白分子上添加磷酸基团

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One way that you could switch this on and off inside the cell is by taking off this phosphorous, proteins enzymes that do this opposite reaction, the opposite to kinases are called phosphokinases.

一种方法是通过去除磷酸基团,来改变细胞内蛋白的状态,催化添加磷酸基团,此逆反应的蛋白酶,能够催化逆反应的激酶叫做磷酸激酶

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Some proteins can be switched from an 'off' position where they don't do anything to an 'on' position where they now do something by only a chemical reaction like this where a phosphorous is added.

一些蛋白质可以从关闭状态的,无所作为,到成为开启状态后,执行某种功能,中间只发生了一个引入磷酸基的化学反应

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Another family is receptor tyrosine kinases, I'll show another picture in a moment that tells you more about what a kinase is, but a kinase is basically an enzyme that can add a phosphorous to another molecule.

另一类是酪氨酸激酶受体,马上我给你们看另一张图,这张图会更详细地告诉你们激酶是什么,激酶是一种能够,向其他分子上添加磷酸基团的酶

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All right. So, let's focus our attention up here now, or whether it's between phosphorous.

好，让我们开始集中注意力吧，还是磷呢？

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It performs a chemical reaction on the protein, taking a phosphorous from ATP and moving that phosphorous onto the protein.

它能够催化蛋白参与如下反应,即将ATP上的一个磷酸基团,转移到蛋白质上

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