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I want to spend some time on that until we talk about-- before we talk about development of the polio vaccine.
我想多花些时间讨论这个问题,在我们讨论,在我们讨论脊髓灰质炎疫苗的发展之前
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If you just introduced this polio virus, which you could make in large quantities into people now, you would be causing polio.
如果你直接接种脊髓灰质炎病毒,将大量的病毒直接接种到人体,就会引起小儿麻痹症
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Knowing what you know now, any concerns about taking the oral polio vaccine instead of getting the shot?
依据当前结果,你对口服疫苗替代,注射疫苗有何担心吗
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So, some of these cases were probably due to polio that was transmitted by incompletely killed virus that was present in the vaccine.
因此,那些病例的发病的原因,是被那些疫苗中携带的,没有被完全杀死的病毒感染
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And so we'll talk about how that happened in the— using the examples of smallpox and polio.
所以我们会以天花和小儿麻痹症为例,讨论上述目标是如何实现的
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Well, polio is not yet eradicated but there still are hopes that polio could be eradicated.
小儿麻痹症并没有被根除,但是依旧存在被根除的希望
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As those doses were given you look at the prevalence of polio within the United States.
随着疫苗的使用,你可以看到全美小儿麻痹症
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In the Sabin vaccine, or the oral polio vaccine, now you have a non-virulent virus.
在沙宾疫苗,即口服小儿麻痹症疫苗中,存在非致病性病毒
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So, polio--the disease caused by polio can be a paralytic disease, crippling, and in some cases can lead to death if the disease progresses in certain ways.
小儿麻痹症便是由脊髓灰质炎病毒引起的,如果脊髓灰质炎发展到一定程度,患者不仅会瘫痪或者残疾,一些病例甚至可能死亡
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A group of scientists, mainly in Boston found, importantly, that they could cultivate the polio virus, the disease causing polio virus; they could cultivate it in cell culture.
在波士顿有一队科学家有了重大发现,他们可以培养脊髓灰质炎病毒,也是就引发小儿麻痹症的病毒,他们可以通过细胞培养来孵育这种病毒
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First, using a couple of examples that have turned out to be very important, one is the example of smallpox, and the second is the example of polio.
首先,举两个重要的事例,其中一个例子是天花,另一个是小儿麻痹症
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Let's talk about the polio virus vaccine, keeping those things in mind.
以脊髓灰质炎病毒疫苗为例,你们要记住这些知识点
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This was of great concern because the number of polio cases shouldn't go up as the vaccine is being even more actively distributed through the country, so what happened?
这个现象让人担心,因为小儿麻痹症的发生数量,不应该在疫苗全国范围内普及后,反而有所上升,那么到底发生了什么
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In particular, we're going to focus in the beginning, on polio virus, which is another great success story, but where a very different approach to vaccine development was used.
特别地,在开始我们会关注脊髓灰质炎病毒,那是又一个成功的故事,但又与发现疫苗的过程不尽相同
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An oral polio vaccine was developed by a man named Sabin.
一个名叫萨宾的人研发出了,一种口服小儿麻痹症疫苗
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He produced an oral polio vaccine from an attenuated virus.
他利用减毒病毒制得口服小儿麻痹症疫苗
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