The great American railroads were built by and large, for decades, by government subsidies, and a tremendous amount of corruption.

这几十年间,美国伟大铁路建起来了,这当然是是通过政府的支助,以及伴随着数不清的行贿受贿

耶鲁公开课 - 美国内战与重建课程节选

And,so,the departments,along with the railroads and along with better roads also,and the banking network, increases the centralization of the French State.

各省由铁路相连,当然也有公路和银行系统,以加强法国的中央集权

耶鲁公开课 - 1871年后的法国课程节选

No continent, you could argue, had ever been quite made readymade if you want--for railroads quite like North America.

没有哪个大陆,你可以为此争辩,像北美这样,及其适合铁路的发展

耶鲁公开课 - 美国内战与重建课程节选

They were more like railroads or steel companies and it was just understood.

更多是铁路或者钢铁公司,人们也只知其皮毛

耶鲁公开课 - 金融市场课程节选

I'm not saying he was right, and the damn fool should've got down and got real with the railroads, but he didn't.

我并不是说他就是正确的,就连笨蛋白痴,都已接受铁路的存在,但他却不能

耶鲁公开课 - 美国内战与重建课程节选

And,so,the patronage of the Empire is that he can provide railroads, he can provide money for things, and that further centralizes the state.

帝国的资助者可以提供铁路,也可以为一些事情提供钱,这些东西更加集中于国家

耶鲁公开课 - 1871年后的法国课程节选

It's the time in which but it's the time in which long distance commerce began to take hold, because of transportation revolutions: canals, roads, railroads in particular.

它是一个时期,这是一个远距离商业开始产生影响的时代,主要原因便是运输方式的革新,运河,公路,特别是铁路

耶鲁公开课 - 美国内战与重建课程节选

Now,but the railroads,if you look at the map of the railroads in France, at any time you want including now, all roads lead--all tracks lead to Paris.

无论何时,如果你观察巴黎的铁路线,就会发现,每条路都通往巴黎

耶鲁公开课 - 1871年后的法国课程节选

Railroads is a good example--and sometimes I'll throw out examples, you're not responsible for them, it's just kind of hopefully interesting for you to think about.

铁路就是很好的例子,有时我会举一些例子,你们可以不去记他们,我这么做是希望你们可以去思考

耶鲁公开课 - 1871年后的法国课程节选

But railroads revolutionized an American sense of time, their ability to travel.

但是铁路改变了美国人的时间观念,他们有能力去旅行

耶鲁公开课 - 美国内战与重建课程节选

In 1860 slaves as an asset were worth more than all of America's manufacturing, all of the railroads, all of the productive capacity of the United States put together.

860年,奴隶作为财产的产值超过了,美国所有的制造业,所有的铁路,和所有产业的产值总和

耶鲁公开课 - 美国内战与重建课程节选

And then, of course, railroads, which reshaped North America.

当然最后,是铁路重新铸造了北美

耶鲁公开课 - 美国内战与重建课程节选

There were some twelve to fifteen different widths of railroads in the Northern states alone by the 1850s, and you could go into one town on a gauge, i don't know, three feet wide but on the other side of town it would come out four feet wide.

在五十年代,单就北方州的铁道,就有十二到十五种不同的轨距,你可能在一条三英尺宽的铁道上进镇,但在另一边出镇时,它变成四英尺宽了

耶鲁公开课 - 美国内战与重建课程节选