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What are - this understanding of receptor-ligand interactions has been really the biological basis of much of the pharmaceutical industry.
受体-配体相互作用理论,现在已经成为很多,制药工业的生物学基础
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That ligand was one for which the cell had a receptor that further encouraged it to produce more of the ligand.
对于带有对应受体的细胞来说,这种配体能够刺激细胞产生更多的配体
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It might be getting a signal from this receptor and a signal from this receptor, and a signal from this receptor.
细胞可能同时从这个受体,这个受体,以及这个受体接收信号
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They prevent the ligand from reaching its natural receptor, and so that antagonizes or inhibits the function of the natural ligand.
它们能够阻止配体与受体的结合,这样就拮抗或者说是抑制了配体的功能
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They go across the membrane - this is the trans-membrane part of the receptor that's going across the membrane.
它们跨越式的存在于细胞膜上,这就是受体的跨膜部分,它跨越了细胞膜
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When they do find the cell they're capable of interacting with the receptor forming some kind of chemical interaction with the receptor.
但当它们遇到细胞时,就能够与受体相互作用,与受体发生化学反应
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In the case of a ligand-receptor, a chemical signal in the form of a concentration of ligand gets converted into a biochemical signal.
在配体-受体系统中,配体浓度这种化学信号,转化为生化信号
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When they bind, they produce some change in the receptor molecule which is experienced inside the cell.
当它们结合后,会使受体分子发生改变,这个过程发生在细胞内部
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Depending on which cell you are you would call one the 'receptor' and the other the 'ligand'.
这取决于你将哪种细胞上的分子,称为受体,哪种称为配体
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If a ligand comes and interacts with a receptor, it opens up; In the presence of this ligand, if the ligand goes away, it closes.
如果配体与受体相互作用,在配体存在的情况下通道打开,如果配体脱离,通道就关闭
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It gets enhanced because when insulin binds to the insulin receptor, it activates the receptor.
这种增强效应来自于,胰岛素与胰岛素受体结合后,就激活了该受体
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The ligands are bringing some message, they transmit the message by binding to the receptor.
配体带有一些信息,它们通过与受体结合来传递这些信息
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There's a diverse range of responses that might occur, but that response is initiated by this simple chemical process of a ligand binding to a receptor.
细胞对外界信号可能会发生不同的反应,但这些反应都源自,配体和受体结合这个简单的化学过程
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By cell/cell contact, I mean that there's a receptor in one cell that makes some kind of a chemical interaction with a receptor in another cell.
通过细胞之间的接触,我的意思是在一种细胞上的受体,能与另一细胞上的受体发生某种化学反应
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This is, maybe, the strangest because the ligand that stimulates the receptor is produced by the cell itself; so sometimes cells make signals that they receive.
它可能是最奇特的,因为激活受体的配体,是由细胞自身产生的,有时细胞产生让自己接受的信号
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Another receptor eventually activates a phosphatase, that phosphatase now turns the protein off.
另一部分受体激活了磷酸酶,磷酸酶使这些蛋白失活
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Sometimes they inhibit by just preventing the ligand from interacting with its receptor.
有时它们只是,干扰配体和受体的相互作用
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If you think about receptor ligand system as an input into the cell.
如果将受体-配体系统看作,细胞的一种输入机制的话
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The more the receptor gets activated the more feedback it gets to activate.
受体被激活的程度越高,产生的反馈效应就越强
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Now, one of the advantages of having second messengers is this is one way that you can integrate between different receptor systems that are acting inside a cell.
使用第二信使分子的好处在于,它能够将,作用于细胞内部不同的,受体系统结合起来
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So, they bind to the receptor - they occupy the receptor so now the natural ligand can't enter it but they don't create the same sequence of biochemical events.
因此,它们与受体结合,它们占据了受体,这样配体就进不来了,但这种结合无法诱发,真正的配体所能诱发的生化反应
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So, it doesn't need to bind to a receptor on the surface of the cell in order to work because the molecule can actually enter the cell directly.
所以无需与细胞表面受体相结合来起效,因为这些分子能直接进入细胞
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Now, the other thing to keep in mind is that for any cell there's not just one receptor on the cell, there are thousands, or hundreds of thousands of receptors.
我们要记住的另一点是,在细胞表面,不仅仅只有一个受体,而是有成千上万甚至更多的受体分子
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This terminology 'ligand' and 'receptor' you've probably heard before.
你们可能听过配体和受体这两个术语
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