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There's two--One technical distinction that people love to put on Intro Psych exams is that the difference between positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement.
心理学导论的考试中,会经常考到一个术语上的区别,即正强化,与负强化之间的区别。
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The difference is in positive reinforcement you do something; in negative reinforcement you take away something aversive.
区别就是，在正强化中你接受某种刺激;,而在负强化中你回避了某种厌恶刺激。
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In the interest of time, I'm going to skip over a few other passages that I was going to read to you in reinforcement of this insistence, on de Man's part, that literature differs from other forms of discourse, the remaining question being: literature differs from other forms of discourse how?
由于时间关系，我将忽略一些其它的文章,我本想念给你们听，来巩固对这个主张的理解，对于德曼，文学与其它问题形式不同，剩下的问题是：,文学怎样与其它文体不同？
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And if you do that over the fullness of time, your reinforcement and punishment will give rise to a pig who walks forward.
如果你长时间的这么做，你的强化和惩罚,就会使这头猪形成向前走的行为。
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Behaviors last longer if they're reinforced intermittently " and this is known as "the partial reinforcement effect."
间隔强化会使行为持续时间更久,这就是所谓的“部分强化效应“
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And so typically, what you're doing inadvertently in those situations is you're exploiting the partial reinforcement effect.
通常，你在这些情境中无意的行为,会产生部分强化效应。
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The discussion was over using things like poker chips for reinforcement and the point is exactly right.
这是关于应用筹码等物来强化行为的问题,她说的十分正确。
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Real life for both humans and animals involved cases where the reinforcement doesn't happen all the time but actually happens according to different schedules.
在现实中，人类和动物,并不总是不停的得到强化,但实际上强化则是根据不同的时程出现的。
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And more generally, the problem is you can talk about what other people do in terms of reinforcement and punishment and operant conditioning and classical conditioning.
更加一般性的问题便是,你可以用强化和惩罚，操作性条件作用,以及经典条件作用之类的术语,来解释他人的行为。
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And Skinner says that they all involve reinforcement; those are all reinforced behaviors.
斯金纳认为在这些行为之中都包含有强化;,这些行为都是受到强化的行为。
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Is it true that animals need reinforcement and punishment to learn?
动物真的需要强化和惩罚才能进行学习吗？
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Now you keep on trying and because the reinforcement is intermittent you don't expect it as much and so your behavior will persist across often a huge amount of time.
你会不停的尝试,因为此时的强化是间隔强化,你并不会抱有很高的期望,因此，你的行为,通常会持续相当长的一段时间。
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But in order to do so, you have to use terms like "punishment" and "reward" and "reinforcement" in such a vague way that in the end you're not saying anything scientific.
但如果你要这样去做，你就必须将惩罚，奖励“,强化之类的术语概念模糊化,最终你所作出的解释便毫无科学性。
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Reinforcement is something that makes the behavior increase.
强化会导致人们行为反应概率的增加。
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Negative reinforcement is just a type of reward.
负强化只是奖励的一种形式而已。
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Negative reinforcement is very different from punishment.
负强化与惩罚之间有着很大的区别。
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So, if you want to expand the notion of reward or reinforcement to anything, then it's true.
将奖励或强化的概念,扩展到任何事物上，都是正确的。
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And so, the behaviorist manifesto would then be to develop a science without anything that's unobservable and instead use notions like stimulus and response and reinforcement and punishment and environment that refer to real world and tangible events.
因此，行为主义者的目标,是建立一门科学,将一切不可观测的事情都排除在外,取而代之的是应用,诸如刺激，反应，强化，惩罚,以及表示现实世界和客观事件的环境,之类的概念来进行研究。
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