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Behaviorism is a school of thought that was there long before Skinner, championed by psychologists like John Watson, for instance.
行为主义学派,远在斯金纳提出他的理论之前就已经存在，受到了众多心理学家的拥护,比如约翰·华生。
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And then we moved to some general introductions to some foundational ideas in the study of psychology, Freud and Skinner.
接着我为大家概要地介绍了,一些基本的心理学知识,介绍了弗洛伊德和斯金纳的学说。
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The work of Skinner , the work of Thorndik .
代表人物有斯金纳，桑代克。
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This refers--this actually goes back to B.F. Skinner, a psychologist who flourished in the first half of this century.
这要追溯到B.F.斯金纳,一位活跃在上世纪前期的心理学家
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And sociologically in the 1960s and 1970s, in the United States, behaviorism was incredibly well known and so was Skinner.
在上世纪60到70年代之间的美国社会，行为主义极为盛行,斯金纳也得以名声大噪。
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As far as I know, Skinner and Skinnerian psychologists were never directly involved in the creation of prisons.
据我所知，斯金纳和斯金纳行为主义心理学家们,从未直接参与过监狱的创建。
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And the story of Skinner and science is somewhat different from the story of Freud.
斯金纳的理论,与弗洛依德的理论有些不同。
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No, and there's several demonstrations at the time of Skinner suggesting that they don't.
答案是否定的，早在斯金纳的时代就已经有证据表明,动物无需强化与惩罚也能进行学习。
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Now, Piaget fared a lot better than did Freud or Skinner for several reasons.
皮亚杰要比弗洛伊德或是斯金纳成功很多,原因有以下几点
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Skinner came a bit late into this but the reason why we've heard of Skinner and why Skinner is so well known is he packaged these notions.
斯金纳算是这一学派中的晚辈了,但是何斯金纳能够被我们所熟知,能够声名远播的原因就在于,他将这些观点进行了一番整理。
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And Skinner says that they all involve reinforcement; those are all reinforced behaviors.
斯金纳认为在这些行为之中都包含有强化;,这些行为都是受到强化的行为。
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What Skinner--What Chomsky is raising here is the concern of unfalsifiablity.
乔姆斯基在这里提出了,对不可证伪性的质疑。
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More recreational, Skinner was fond of teaching animals to play Ping-Pong.
更好玩的是，斯金纳喜欢教动物们打乒乓球。
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Skinner, in his book Verbal Behavior, talks about the question of why do we do things like talk to ourselves, imitate sounds, create art, give bad news to an enemy, fantasize about pleasant situations?
斯金纳在其《言语行为》一书中，描述了我们展现各种行为的原因,如自言自语，声音模仿，创造艺术，向敌人散布坏消息，幻想美好情景等等？
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Skinner had many examples of this.
对于这种方法，斯金纳举了很多的例子。
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Skinner isn't saying anything more.
斯金纳并未给出更进一步的解释。
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Last class I started with Freud and now I want to turn to Skinner.
上一堂课我们从弗洛依德讲起,现在我要开始讲斯金纳了。
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I'm including here people like Aristotle and Plato, Hume, Locke, Freud and Skinner.
我所说的这些学者包括了,亚里士多德,柏拉图,休莫,洛克,弗洛依德以及斯金纳
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When it comes to humans, the notions of reward and punishment and so on that Skinner tried to extend to humans are so vague it's not science anymore.
说到人类，那些斯金纳试图应用于人类身上的,奖励和惩罚之类的概念,定义太过模糊,所以不能再当做科学来看待。
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So today and Monday we're going to talk about two very big ideas and these ideas are associated with Sigmund Freud and B. F. Skinner and are psychoanalysis and behaviorism.
所以在今天和星期一,我们将学习两大心理理论,其代表人物分别是,西格蒙特·弗洛伊德和,伯尔赫斯·弗雷德里克·斯金纳,这两个理论便是精神分析理论,和行为主义理论。
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Skinner developed, in World War II, a pigeon guided missile.
在二战时，斯金纳提出，用鸽子来为导弹导航。
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Freud and Skinner had explanations of all of these.
弗洛伊德和斯金纳的理论解释了上述一切。
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Some studies have, motivated by Chomsky's work in expressed sorry, motivated by Chomsky's critique of Skinner's Verbal Behavior, have asked even in -- "What if we just looked at children within the United States?
受到乔姆斯基,《斯金纳述评》的启发,一些研究甚至询问道,"要是我们只研究美国儿童又会怎样呢"
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And Skinner extended this more generally.
斯金纳对这一概念进行了扩展。
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If Skinner kept the focus on rats and pigeons and dogs, he would not have the impact that he did but he argued that you could extend all of these notions to humans and to human behavior.
如果斯金纳只是研究老鼠鸽子或是狗，他就不会拥有如此巨大的有影响力了,但他宣称，这些概念是可以应用到,人类以及人类行为中去的。
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A Review of B. F. Skinner Chomsky is one of the most prominent intellectuals alive.
s，Verbal，Behavior,乔姆斯基是如今仍然在世的,最杰出的学者之一。
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