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And in the end, when it's at equilibrium, and you look and you'd make a measurement, right, you could do spectroscopy.
当他处于平衡状态的时候，你可以做测量，比方说做光谱分析。
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What we're going to start with is discussing photoelectron spectroscopy, which is a spectroscopy technique that will give us some information about energy levels in multielectron atoms.
首先，我们将讨论,光电子能谱，通过这种技术,我们能够得到多电子原子的能级信息。
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And, subsequently, we looked at photoelectron spectroscopy which is a technique that allows us to determine binding energies, ionization energies being just one example.
随后，我们看了光电子谱,这是一种只用一个样品,能够测量结合能，离子化能的技术。
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So once we cover it, it will then be fair game to ask these photoelectron spectroscopy or these photoelectric effect questions using the wavelength of the electron.
所以一旦我们涉及到它，问及光电子能谱或者,用电子的波长问及,光电效应是一样的。
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Any one of these different elements could actually produce a photoelectron spectroscopy spectrum that has five distinct lines.
其中任何一种元素,都可能产生,有五条分立谱线的光电子能谱。
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And if we're talking about things in spectroscopy terms here, this is what we call a doublet.
如果我们用光谱学术语来说，这叫双峰。
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All right. So let's go ahead and try an example here in thinking about photoelectron spectroscopy.
好的，下面我们继续来看一个,关于理解光电子能谱的例子。
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Since that time, PES we've been able to actually measure these bond strengths by PES, photoelectron spectroscopy.
自从那时，我们就能够用,测量键的强度，光电子能谱。
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And this is called photoelectron spectroscopy, and essentially what it is is very similar conceptually to what we were talking about way back in the first couple lectures when we were talking about the photoelectric effect.
也就是光电子能谱，从本质上来讲,这项技术,与我们在最开始的几节课上讲的,光电效应在概念上非常相似。
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It doesn't even make sense now, they're not used in spectroscopy anymore, but this is where the names originally came from and they did stick.
现在看它没什么道理，它们在光谱学里也不这么用了，但这些名字,从这里面起源后来就一直沿用下来了。
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And if we have time today, we'll start in on the photo-electron spectroscopy, if not, that's where we'll start when we come back on Wednesday.
而且如果我们今天还有时间，我们将会开始光电子频谱，如果没有,我们将会在下周三回来时开始。
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So, one difference between photoelectron spectroscopy and, for example, the photoelectric effect is that in this case, we're not just looking at one energy level, which is what we were looking at from the surface of a metal, now we're talking about this gaseous atom.
光电子能谱与光电效应的不同点在于，以这种情况为例，我们不只关心一个能级，就像原来在金属表面那样，现在我们研究的是气体原子，所以，我们可以从原子中。
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So, let's start with talking about photoelectron spectroscopy.
那么，我们开始讲光电子能谱。
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Spectroscopy is how you go and look at patterns, not just individual lines.
光谱学就是你怎样运行和看待一个图案的，而不是单独的线条。
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Alright, so we'll pick up with photoelectron spectroscopy on Wednesday.
好的我们周三将会讲解,光电子能谱的专题。
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This is what spectroscopy is.
这就是光谱学。
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If you see a problem that asks you, for example, the third ionization energy versus taking a second electron out of the 2 s in a photoelectron spectroscopy experiment, those are two very different things.
如果你遇到一个题目问你的是，比如说，是第三电离能,还是在光电子能谱实验中从，2，s，轨道中,拿走第二个电子，这可是两个完全不同的问题。
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S This is s. S, according to spectroscopy, 0 means that l equals zero.
这就是s的意义，在光谱学中，表示l等于。
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So these names, they don't really make any sense why they're called past s p and f, and it turns out that it comes from spectroscopy terms that are pre-quantum mechanics where, for example, this is called the sharp line, I think the principle, the diffuse, and the fundamental.
看到这些名字，你会发现,它们为什么叫s，p，f是没什么道理的，事实上,它们来源于,量子力学之前的光谱学中的术语，例如，它们分别叫做锐线，我认为是主线，漫射和基本。
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