If you are known or believed to be willing to fight, you are in a state of war.

如果别人认为你很想去打斗，你就陷入了战争状态。

耶鲁公开课 - 政治哲学导论课程节选

Such a condition, a state of war, may mean a condition of open warfare, but not necessarily.

这样一种状态，战争状态，也许意味着公开的战争状态，但这也不是必须的。

耶鲁公开课 - 政治哲学导论课程节选

Maybe it's the state of war that he talked about in his Second Treatise.

也许这就是《政府论》里谈到的战争状态。

耶鲁公开课 - 公正课程节选

Even in peacetime, military expenditures take up almost half of the budget of any European state, and in times of war, eighty percent.

即使在和平时期,欧洲任一国家的军费开支,也几乎占据了其预算的一半,在战时,更是达到了80%

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

And the most controversial of those decisions will ultimately be in 1905-- if you exclude going to war and getting all these millions of people killed-- was the separation of church and state.

其中最有争议的决定,最终在1905年--,如果不算参战,使得上百万人被杀--,是政教分离

耶鲁公开课 - 1871年后的法国课程节选

And by a "state of nature" he means, or by a state of war, he means a condition where there is no recognized authority in his language to keep us in awe, no authority to awe us.

而且通过“自然状态，或者通过战争状态，他意在说明一种状态,在他的说法里没有一个被认可的权力,将我们维持在敬畏中，没有权利使我们敬畏。

耶鲁公开课 - 政治哲学导论课程节选

Now, you might look at that formulation, the state of war is one against--of all against all and you might say that such a condition of civil war, of maximum insecurity, of the total breakdown of condition of rules and laws is if anything the state of the exception.

现在，你可以看一下那个构想，抗一切人的状态,你可能会说这种,内战，最大安全感，法律规范全面崩溃的状态,实质上是一种异常状态。

耶鲁公开课 - 政治哲学导论课程节选

This is the natural condition, the state of nature, the state of war that Hobbes attributes to, again, the fundamental fact of human nature.

这是自然的状态，霍布斯把战争状态归因于，人类的基本天性。

耶鲁公开课 - 政治哲学导论课程节选

A state of war can include, in other words, " what we might call a "cold war," two hostile sides looking at each other across a barrier of some type, not clear or not certain what the other will do.

换句话说，战争状态包括，我们所说的“冷战“,敌对双方透过某种屏障,对对方虎视眈眈，却不知道对方会干什么。

耶鲁公开课 - 政治哲学导论课程节选

The state of nature for Hobbes is a condition of conflict and war.

对霍布斯来说，自然状态是,一种冲突和战争的状态。

耶鲁公开课 - 政治哲学导论课程节选

And the fact that relations in the state of nature it's synonymous with making it a condition of war, of "all against all," in his famous formulation.

自然状态中的关系对他来说,与战争中抗一切人的状态同义，他在著名的构想中如是说。

耶鲁公开课 - 政治哲学导论课程节选

So the question for us remains, which deeply challenged readers in Hobbes' own time, what makes Hobbes' story, as I am calling it, his story about the state of nature ? being a condition of war, what makes it plausible?

所以我们的问题依然存在，这使霍布斯时代的读者感到深深的挑战，是什么使得霍布斯的故事，关于自然状态的故事,战争状态的故事，是什么使它真实合理？

耶鲁公开课 - 政治哲学导论课程节选

Now, out of all of this, again to repeat, we are not making the argument that the Thirty Years' War itself led to absolute rule, that the growth of state structures can be seen in the beginning and the late medieval period with the consolidation of these territorial monarchies.

综上所述,我再重复一遍,我们并不能推断说,三十年战争本身导致了绝对主义的发展,国家的构建在中世纪的早期,以及晚期的领土兼并中就已经初见端倪

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选