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This stem cell which is reproduced still has the potential to undergo asymmetric division but this one does not.
新生成的干细胞,仍然有潜能进行不对称分裂,但定向祖细胞就不行
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stem cell researchers have found a way to get perfectly usable stem cells from fully grown human beings.
干细胞研究者已经找到了一种方法，
可以从成年人身上获取可用的干细胞。
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Different than the embryonic stem cell we talked about before, so it's an example of an adult stem cell.
和我们之前谈到的胚胎干细胞有所不同,因此这是个成人干细胞的例子
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Embryonic stem cells can give rise to every cell type in the body.
能分化出人体中,各种类型的细胞。
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So the idea is, if you can take a cell... you can take a stem cell from your body
所以如果你能够取得一个细胞……如果你能够从你体内取得一个干细胞，
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So the major controversy behind stem cell research, at least as far as I understand it,
干细胞研究背后的主要争议，就我的理解来说，
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This is one of the very important areas that still is not completely understood in stem cell biology.
这是一个干细胞生物学领域的重要课题,至今仍未完全明确
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And this diagram shows what I simply labeled as a stem cell, so I'm not referring to any particular kind of stem cell now, but just a cell that has the stem cell character.
这张图示内容我就简单地标注为干细胞,现在我提到的干细胞不是特指哪种干细胞,而是指拥有干细胞特征的细胞
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Now with stem cell technology there are two pathways that are imaginable.
如今有了干细胞技术,也就有了两条途径可选。
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So this stem cell division leads to another stem cell as well as a committed progenitor cell.
这种细胞分化不仅产生一个定向祖细胞,还会产生另一个干细胞
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The other pathway that I think is very promising is now to use stem cell generated cells in culture dishes to use them for high throughput drug screening now we can test thousands of different drugs without killing so many animals.
第二个目标的前景相当广阔,我们可以用干细胞,在培养皿中大量繁殖各种细胞,用于大剂量的药物试验,让你无需屠戮动物,就能进行各种药物试验。
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But from what I know, generally the more religious groups tend to be opposed to stem cell research,
但是一般来说，就我所知越是反对干细胞研究的人，
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One is because we understand the bone marrow system so much better than we understand all the other stem cell systems.
一个原因就是我们对骨髓系统的认识,远高于其他干细胞系统
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Can you explain to us about stem cell research and why it's so controversial?
你能跟我们解释一下干细胞研究，
以及为什么这项研究会受到这么多的争议吗？
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This diagram here sort of allows me to walk you through some of the terminology of this stem cell development and talk about these concepts.
这张图让我能跟你们一起,走马观花地看看干细胞发展中的术语,探讨一下这些概念
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One of the differences in stem cell populations that you will hear about is you hear about embryonic stem cells and you hear about adult stem cells.
干细胞之间的一个区别,你可能听说过的,那就是既有胚胎干细胞,也有成人干细胞
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That's a lot of what stem cell biology is like - is about.
干细胞生物学的著作有很多
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It's this - its cells in this region here, this inner cell mass that that's the source of embryonic stem cells, cells from inner cell mass here.
就是这个,在这片区域的胚胎细胞,即内细胞群,而胚胎干细胞的来源所在,就是源自这里的内细胞群
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It's no longer capable of self-renewal to form another stem cell.
不再能自我更新,从而生成另一个干细胞了
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It's no longer a stem cell but it's a progenitor cell.
它不再是干细胞而是祖细胞
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It's also an example of a tissue specific stem cell.
这同时也是一个组织特异性干细胞的例子
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What does that mean to have the stem cell character?
拥有干细胞特征的细胞是什么意思
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Potential refers to what it sounds like, 'what potential does this committed progenitor cell have?' 'What potential does this stem cell have?' Well, one way to think about is that upon this first division, this asymmetric division, this committed progenitor cell has lost some potential.
这个"潜能"和字面意思相同,定向祖细胞的潜能是什么,干细胞的潜能又是什么,一种看法就是在第一次分化时,即不对称分裂时,定向祖细胞失去了一些潜能
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In terms of function they're very important because this stem cell which is produced goes back into the population of stem cells and is able to repeat this process to form new committed progenitor cells and to form new stem cells.
但就功能而言这些干细胞则至关重要,因为这类分裂产生的子细胞,依然是干细胞,可以再次重复上述步骤,生成新的定向祖细胞,和新的干细胞
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Another stem cell called the lymphoid stem cell is capable of forming the B and T lymphocytes.
另一种干细胞称为淋巴干细胞,能够生成B细胞或者T细胞
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So probably the, the most common example of Bio-Engineering is stem cell research,
可能最常见的生物工程案例就是干细胞的研究了，
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This pluripotent stem cell is able to self-renew and it's able - generating committed progenitors of either the myeloid or the lymphoid lineage.
这种多能干细胞能自我更新,也可以生成定向祖细胞,可以是髓系祖细胞或者淋巴祖细胞
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