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That means that this temperature right here is the absolute lowest temperature you can go to that physically makes any sense.
是物理上不可能的状态,也就是说这一点,对应的温度是物理上。
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For a real gas it depends on more than the temperature STUDENT: Are there any other constraints similar to that .
而对实际气体，这是不对的,它的内能不仅仅依赖于温度,学生：有其他,类似的约束吗？
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We control how we use time, we control the temperature in the environment, and hermetically seal ourselves in things.
我们控制时间的利用，我们控制周边环境的温度,我们把自己封闭在各种事务中，与世隔绝。
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That is to say brick work in high temperature furnaces, maybe tiles on the Shuttle, to resist high temperatures because of the high internal bonding.
它在能够承受高温炉的温度，例如瓷砖，能够耐受高温,因为它们有强的内部键作用。
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- And now temperature in Fahrenheit -- 212 all right, let's go ahead and pick an easy one like 212, Enter, and indeed equals 100 in Celsius.
现在输入华氏温度-,好的，让我们选一个简单的，像，回车，确实等于100摄氏度。
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That's another invention of the 1600s, by the way-- the thermometer. And they learned that concept-- perfectly natural to us--temperature.
顺便说一下,温度计也是十七世纪的发明,那时候的人才刚刚开始理解温度的概念,虽然对我们来说这是个很自然的概念
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And the path that I'm describing then, let's assume that we're raising the temperature up is this path right here.
经过一个，等压过程,路径就是这样。
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So this unique temperature and unique pressure defines a triple point everywhere, and that's a great reference point.
这样，无论在何处,三相点都具有相同的温度和压强,十分适合来作参考点。
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Yet, the temperature goes up. So, I can have a temperature change which is an adiabatic temperature change.
它与外界不会，有物质或者能量的流动,然而系统的温度升高了。
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so I'm heating up the system in this path here, and then to connect the 2 endpoints here, a constant temperature path.
需要再用，一个等温过程，这两个状态。
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If you have a large number of atoms in an aggregate, it is going to require that the substance turn solid and condense at room temperature.
如果有很多原子进行聚集，在室温下,会使的物质转变成固体状态。
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But we've defined the enthalpy of those elements in their stable state at room temperature and pressure as zero, right?
但我们已经定义了这些,元素处于它们室温和常压下,最稳定的状态时的焓为零，对吧？
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RT2 So it's R T2, right, now we're at a lower temperature times log the log of V4 over V3.
等于，这时温度比刚才低,乘以。
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What we define as zero is the enthalpy of every element in its natural state at room temperature and ambient pressure.
我们将零点定义为每种元素,在室温和正常大气压下,在其自然状态下的焓。
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To ask questions like how much heat is released in a chemical reaction that takes place at constant temperature.
当我们想要知道,当一个化学反应在恒定的温度下发生时,会放出多少热量时。
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Now, we saw before, or really I should say we accepted before, that for an ideal gas, u was a function of temperature only.
我们已经看到,或者说我们已经接受这样一个事实，即理想气体的内能只和温度有关。
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