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And then later on in the story that Homer tells in the Odyssey, Odysseus himself is such a newcomer.
但在荷马写的《奥德赛》这一节中,奥德修斯也是外乡人
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It contains a lot of narratives and its narrative materials are an account of the odyssey of a people,the nation of Israel.
它包含很多的故事,而且故事是取材于,奥德塞中的人物，取材于以色列这国家的。
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I want to talk to you about the ethics and values that emerge from the reading of the Iliad and the Odyssey.
我想谈谈在伊利亚特和奥德赛的阅读过程中,所引发的伦理和价值观问题
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They are steeped in the entire literary tradition of the underworld journey that stretches from The Odyssey of Homer up through Virgil's Aeneid, and of course up through all of the Renaissance romance epics.
它们被浸泡在整套文学传统中,穿越了从荷马的《奥德赛》上升到,维吉尔的《埃涅阿斯纪》的地下之旅，当然它也经历了所有文艺复兴时期的浪漫史诗。
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It is clearly modeled on Odysseus' descent to Hades in the Odyssey.
这很明显是模仿奥德修斯降入地狱,《奥德赛》书中的故事。
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Or, my favorite example, the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey.
再来举个我最喜欢的例子,2001太空漫游
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It is chance, and there are several places in the Iliad and the Odyssey that emphasize that point.
只是机会而已,这在《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》中,被多次强调
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That is a very strong statement about the priority of community and it's very different from the values that we saw in the Iliad and the Odyssey.
这是一种关于集体优先,的有力观点,这种价值观和,《伊利亚特》及《奥赛德》中的相去甚远
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And indeed, as we shall see, well, the tragic view of life, which the Greeks invent and which characterizes their culture, is there right at the beginning in the Iliad and the Odyssey.
确实,我们可以看到,悲剧人生观,在伊利亚特和奥德赛的一开始就有所体现,这是希腊人首先提出的,体现了他们的文化性格
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In the Odyssey,you remember Odysseus finds himself on the island of the Cyclops, those one-eyed monsters, and what is it about them that make them so monstrous, so inhuman from the perspective of the Homeric heroes?
还记得《奥德赛》中的奥德修斯,在独眼怪居住的岛上遇到的那些怪物,为什么这些独眼怪在荷马式英雄的眼中,是那么丑陋,那么残忍
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And I can only assume that that is precisely the point, that Milton would -- later in 1667 when Paradise Lost is published, he would make his poem canonical just like The Iliad and just like The Odyssey and The Aeneid before anyone had actually read it.
我只能假设就是为了这点，当他在1667年出版《失乐园》后，弥尔顿会遵照《伊利亚特》的模式来创作诗歌,还有《奥德赛》和《埃涅阿斯纪》,在这之前人们还没有真正的读过这些书。
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The tradition is aristocracy; that's what we connect with the polis, and of course, it was natural, because it also fit into the world of the Iliad and the Odyssey, which they were accustomed to think about.
他们的传统是贵族政府,这是我们该和城邦联系起来的政体,当然,这也很自然,因为这也符合《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》中的描写,他们习惯于用这样的方式去思考
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And as if this were not enough, near the very end of his life, he returned to his classical studies translating all of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey.
这好像还不够，在他晚年的时候，他又回到了对经典的研究,翻译了荷马的《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》
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If he is beneath the polis it means he's beneath what it is to a human being, and that tells you just how potent is this concept of a community for the Greeks and it emerges in its own way from the Iliad and the Odyssey.
反过来,如果一个卑微到无法进入城邦的人,那也就意味着他作为人的意义同样卑微,由此可见,集体的概念,是多么的深入希腊人的心中,在《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》中,便揭示了这一点
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The Aeneid of Virgil based, of course,on the Iliad and the Odyssey, begins arma virumque cano, I sing of arms and the man, the man Aeneas.
维吉尔所作的《埃涅伊德》当然是基于,《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》,它以"arma virumque cano" 开头,"我歌颂战事和那个人,埃涅阿斯"
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And here you see in the Odyssey is what it would likely be, and the place where you see it is back in Ithaca when Odysseus is there or when we're taken to see what's going on.
现在我们再看看《奥德赛》,你会看到,奥德修斯最终回到了,伊萨卡岛,他的故乡
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The Odyssey begins even more strikingly with the word andra, the accusative of anar,the accusative case of a man, and he says,sing to me goddess about that man, that man of many devices,that clever man Odysseus.
奥德赛》有个更引人注目的开头,以单词andra开篇,anar的宾格形式,一个人的宾格形式,他说,"女神向我歌颂那个男人,那个足智多谋的男人,奥德修斯"
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In fact, the work is a kind of philosophical odyssey that both imitates Homer, but also anticipates other great odysseys of the human mind, works by those like Cervantes or Joyce.
事实上，这部作品多少像是哲学的探索过程,双双仿效荷马，但也为其它的人性探索过程,预做了准备，作品可参见塞万提斯及乔依斯的著作。
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If you remember from reading the Iliad and Odyssey, it is absolutely critical in the Greek religion that people be properly buried, because if they're not, then their shade goes on forever in misery and pain.
伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》中提到过,死者得到妥善安葬,在希腊信仰中是极其重要的,如若不然,死者的灵会永远在绝望和痛苦中飘荡
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