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So the Romans were only concerned about religions when it looked like those religions were going to cause political problems.
所以罗马人只有在宗教会引起政治问题时,才会插手干涉。
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Of course, the Romans didn't care then how much I charged you, the people of Corinth in its area.
当然，罗马人并不在乎我收了，科林斯人民多少税。
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We should get you flags okay, because these are the Romans defending the easy pass.
应该给你们弄杆军旗来才对,这些都是镇守平坦之途的罗马士兵
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Think back to the case of the Romans in the Colosseum.
回顾斗兽场里罗马人的案例。
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And that explains the succession of rulers that have held the region: the Egyptians, the Amorites, the Israelites, the Assyrians, the Babylonians, the Persians, the Greeks, the Greek Ptolemies, the Seleucids, the Romans, and the list continues as we go on into the medieval and the modern periods.
这也解释了众多的统治者占领这一地区的原因：,埃及人，亚摩利人，以色列人，亚述人，巴比伦人，波斯人，希腊人，希腊的托勒密人，塞琉西人，罗马人，这个列表可以继续下去,如果我们考察中世纪和现代时期。
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Well, the people who the Romans called barbarians destroyed the Western empire and it also the destroyed the power of the emperors and their efforts to impose religious and political conformity under imperial control.
那么,被罗马人称作野蛮人的民族,摧毁了西方帝国的同时也摧毁了,君主权力,以及通过王权实施,政教合一的种种努力
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The Athenians and the Romans," he says, "were free, that is they were free commonwealths, not that any particular man had the liberty to resist his own representative but that his representative had the liberty to resist or invade other people."
霍布斯说，希腊人和罗马人都是自由的，因为他们身在自由的共和国里，他们单独的个体,是没有自由反抗他所选的代表的,但他所选的代表,却有抵抗或是入侵他人的自由“
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So they would have local, sort of higher class, local elites, would bid for the right to collect local taxes, and so the Romans would take the highest bid.
所以他们安排当地人，算是上层阶级，本地精英，竞拍当地收税权，这样罗马总是能获得最高竞价。
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The Romans actually were very pious in the sense that they believed that whatever land they were in, they should provide sacrifices and honors for the local gods, especially the important ones.
而且非常虔诚,他们认为无论身处何处，都应该祭拜当地神明，尤其是重要的神。
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So the Romans didn't try to make the East Roman, in that sense, culturally, nor did they try to change the language.
所以罗马人没有强迫东方罗马化，文化上没有，语言上也没有。
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But look at the collective ecstasy of the Romans!
但看看罗马人共同的心醉神迷啊！
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So, in the period we're talking about there are no Romans that you have to worry about.
所以我们所谈的,是处于没有罗马人的时期
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But there's one thing that the Romans made even more of, than the Greeks had made of, and this is the patron-client structure.
但有一样东西罗马人比希腊人，做得更极致，即庇护关系。
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The Romans maintained peace, for one thing, by leaving local populations pretty much alone when it came to local customs, religions, and living arrangements.
首先，为了维护和平，罗马人没有过多干涉当地居民,对于当地风俗，宗教，居住安排，给予极大自由。
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And that was only possible because, besides using the sea, the shipping lanes for travel, which was much faster than overland travel, the Romans maintained roads.
之所以能达到这个数字，原因之一是走海路，用海洋航路运输，比陆路快得多，另一个原因就是修路。
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He would prefer to go by sea, if possible, because it's much quicker, but at least he could travel on the roads that the Romans built and maintained.
可能到话，他更喜欢走海路，因为那样更快，不过至少他能走,罗马人修建保养的路了。
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If they started looking like insurrection would happen, the Romans didn't do it.
如果叛乱要发生了，罗马人不会坐视不理。
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So the Romans, for example, outlawed volunteer fire departments, in local places, because they were afraid that volunteer fire departments could be a place where locals, especially maybe lower-class locals, could get together and then start gossiping about what they could do to cause trouble for the Romans.
所以罗马人会，比如，会驱逐当地志愿消防部门，因为他们担心志愿消防部门,会成为当地人，尤其是下层阶级集会的场所，在那谋划如何,给罗马人制造麻烦。
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So this is the same way with the Romans.
罗马人也是这样。
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As far as religion--Ehrman talks about this in your textbook, - so I won't go into a lot of detail-- but the common Hollywood idea that the Romans were kind of oppressive of other religions, or the Christians, is just that, a Hollywood idea.
至于宗教。。。Ehrman教授在课本里讲得很详细了，我就不再赘述了-,不过好莱坞电影里常常,描绘罗马人压迫其他宗教，或者基督教徒，这只是好莱坞电影。
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So Romans didn't go around trying to get people in the East to speak Latin.
罗马人没有让东方人学拉丁语。
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Non-Romans and poor people may have seen the Pax Romana as more oppressive than a liberation, just like people saw the Pax Americana that way, after the collapse of the Soviet Union and before the beginning of the Iraq War.
非罗马人和穷人可能认为罗马和平,是压制，而不是自由，跟苏联解体后，伊拉克战争前,人们所谓的美式和平是一个道理。
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Religion had to bring a softening effect upon against the violent and bestial character of the early Romans. But for us today, Machiavelli writes, religion has to serve the opposite purpose.
宗教必须带来一种缓和效应，用以针对,早期罗马人的野蛮残忍的性格,但是对于今天的我们来说，马基雅维利写道，宗教不得不为相反的目的服务。
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Or sometimes the Romans liked to take a big theater and fill the central part of the theater, the cavea, with water and then stage naval battles and that kind of thing.
有时候罗马人也喜欢利用大剧院,在大剧院的中心和兽笼，注满水，上演大海战之类的。
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He and his family, the emperor's family, - was, in a sense, the patron for the whole people of the Roman Empire-- - at least for all the Romans-- the paterfamilias of the entire empire.
他及其家庭，帝王的家庭，某种意义上说，就是整个罗马帝国的庇护者-,至少是所有罗马人的-,他成了整个帝国的家长。
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As I said, they were officially recognized by the Romans, but this caused problems for Jews sometimes.
我刚才说过，他们是被罗马官方认可的，但这有时候也会给他们带来麻烦。
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