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So, that was a naturally occurring attenuated virus that could be produced into a vaccine that didn't cause the disease.
因为天花病毒存在天然的衰减病毒,这种衰减病毒可以用来,直接生产不致病的疫苗
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So, this just shows as the vaccine was distributed, given to more people, that prevalence of the disease dropped dramatically.
因此,这表明随着疫苗的推广,以及接种人数的增加,该疾病的患病率显著降低
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Doesn't respond as well to killed vaccines, and that's why the Salk vaccine has to be injected at a high dose.
但却对灭活的疫苗没有那样强烈反应,这也是索尔克氏疫苗为何,必须大剂量注射的原因
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One can stop spread of disease through a community without being 100% effective in each person who gets the vaccine.
疫苗能够遏制疾病在整个社区中传播,虽然对于每个人来说它并非百分之百有效
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I want to spend some time on that until we talk about-- before we talk about development of the polio vaccine.
我想多花些时间讨论这个问题,在我们讨论,在我们讨论脊髓灰质炎疫苗的发展之前
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Or vaccines that could be transported more easily— the hepatitis vaccine that we get is not stable unless it's refrigerated.
或者令疫苗更易于运输,现在的肝炎疫苗一定要冷藏,否则它就不稳定
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Like we talked about with insulin; make large quantities of this recombinant viral protein, and use that as a vaccine.
就像我们讲过的胰岛素,生成大量重组的病毒蛋白,并将其作为疫苗使用
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You get a vaccine for chicken pox, it gets injected, and sometime later you're going to be protected against it.
当你拿到水痘疫苗,并注射入体内后,一段时间之后,你就可以免于感染
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This curve here with the square shows you how many millions of vaccine doses were distributed across the U.S.
这个带方形的曲线图显示了,在美国数以百万计的,疫苗是如何使用的
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For example, what if you could make a hepatitis vaccine that was good in one shot instead of three shots?
比方说,如果你研制的一种肝炎疫苗,只需接种一次,而不是三次会怎么样
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Why is it difficult in some cases to produce a vaccine when we've been successful in so many others?
为什么某些疾病的疫苗很难研制,即使我们已经成功生产了很多种疫苗
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One is if you have to coordinate how you're going to give this vaccine to two million children across the U.S.
首先必须协调合作,如何才能将疫苗,分发给全美国二百万孩子
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Then that subunit was purified and formulated into the vaccine, the kinds of vaccines that you and I got.
然后亚基被纯化出来并制成疫苗,也就是你我被注射的那种疫苗
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There's no company that's making smallpox vaccine anymore because there's no reason to make smallpox vaccine, because nobody would buy it, right?
没有公司还生产天花疫苗,因为没有人购买天花疫苗,因此早就没有理由继续生产它了,对吧
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You've all been immunized for Hepatitis B, would you be happy to hear that that's where your Hepatitis B vaccine came from?
你们都对乙型肝炎具有免疫力了,如果你知道你的乙型肝炎疫苗,是从何而来的话,你还会高兴的起来吗
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And we're going to do that by talking about some examples, some historical examples, in the sort of technology and vaccine development.
我们将通过讨论一些例子来讲解这个主题,一些历史上的例子,关于科技和疫苗发展的例子
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