Sometimes there were interesting little problems that emerged and one of those has to do with the use of chariots in warfare.

偶尔会有一些有趣的小问题出现,这往往和战争时使用的二轮战车相关

耶鲁公开课 - 古希腊历史简介课程节选

Such a condition, a state of war, may mean a condition of open warfare, but not necessarily.

这样一种状态，战争状态，也许意味着公开的战争状态，但这也不是必须的。

耶鲁公开课 - 政治哲学导论课程节选

Well, Homer has his heroes using chariots and we know that chariots were used in warfare in the Bronze Age around the Mediterranean Sea.

荷马史诗》的主角们所使用的战车,我们知道在青铜时代的地中海地区,二轮战车被广泛运用于战争

耶鲁公开课 - 古希腊历史简介课程节选

Then there's warfare.

接下来我们来讨论战争

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

They were not farmers as we shall see, and therefore, they spent their lives practicing warfare.

我们需要认识到,他们不是农夫,他们视战争操练为生活的一部分

耶鲁公开课 - 古希腊历史简介课程节选

And apparently that is the way you use chariots in ancient Bronze Age warfare.

这显然也是,青铜时代战争中战车的运用方式

耶鲁公开课 - 古希腊历史简介课程节选

The style of warfare that emerges in this period, apparently for the first time, is what we call the hoplite phalanx and each half of that needs to be explained.

显然,这个时期第一次出现了,一种独特的战争形式,那就是重步兵方阵,我来给大家分别解释下这两个词

耶鲁公开课 - 古希腊历史简介课程节选

They are engaged in raising livestock, which in Greece is more likely to be sheep and goats than cattle, but also breeding horses, which is very important for the aristocracy for carrying on warfare.

他们擅长豢养牲畜,在当地似乎养绵羊和山羊比牛要来的容易,但是他们同样养马,这对于贵族阶层发动战争很重要

耶鲁公开课 - 古希腊历史简介课程节选

So, you would say, well, that's another place where Homer got it right, except for the fact that we also know how chariots are used in warfare and the closest analogy, I think, is to think of chariots as tanks.

你们可能会说,好吧,荷马又说对了,除非我们也懂得如何在战争中使用战车,我认为最相近的类比是把战车比作坦克

耶鲁公开课 - 古希腊历史简介课程节选