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Aristotle is considered the "father of criticism," and yet he is also what Foucault would call a "founder of discursivity."
亚里士多德被认为是批判学之父“,但他是福柯承认的话语学奠基人“
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who is the... generally seen as the first historian in the sort of Western world.
他是……通常被认为是西方世界的第一位历史学家。
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It's a pretty state of affairs, in his view, when the most rigorous thinking that's being done about literature is being done in popular journals.
他认为，关于文学的严肃的思考大多,被发表在流行杂志上很不妥当。
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Hobbes insists on the fundamental equality of human beings, who he says are endowed with certain natural and inalienable rights.
霍布斯认为，人类应该是,基本平等的，他认为人类天生就被赋予了,一些自然和不可剥夺的权利。
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He was seen as a sexual renegade out to destroy the conception of people as good and rational and pure beings.
他被认为是支持性本能论的,其观点试图毁掉,人是善良理性而又纯粹的这一概念。
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He was branded as a radical and dangerous debunker of traditional Christian family values.
他被认为是一个颠覆传统基督家庭价值观的,激进者和危险者。
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They were very often associated with blind forces of nature with no intrinsic moral character, he says. And the god of Israel was understood to transcend nature and his will was not only absolute, it was absolutely good and moral.
他们与自然的力量相关,没有内在的品德，而以色列的上帝,被认为是超越自然地存在，他的意愿不仅是绝对的，而且是绝对正确和道德的。
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When Evans found writing at Knossos, he found two-- well, he actually found seven, but only two that turned out to be significant-- two kinds of script.
当埃文斯在克诺索斯发现文字,他找到两种,事实上他一共找到了七种,不过只有两种被认为比较重要,这两种手迹
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Yeats's career is maybe the most famous one in modern poetry that is, a career that has been seen as a kind of representative story about modern poetry as a whole. What's that story?
叶芝的事业在现代诗歌史上,也许是最著名的,他的事业被认为是,代表了现代诗歌整个历程,那这个历程是什么呢？
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Well, I just think that if he was making his own original idea and it was his idea to start with, then that would be the only situation in which I would see it being appropriate in any way because that way you couldn't make the argument that he was pressured, you know it's three-to-one or whatever the ratio was.
我只是认为，如果这就是他的本意,是他主动要求被杀的，只有在这种情况下,我才认为无论从哪方面来说都是恰当的,因为那样的话，就不能说派克是被迫的，毕竟当时是3对1的局面，派克不占优势。
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He had Russian and English tutors that came in succession; he had drawing masters and so on, to cover the range of education thought to be appropriate to a young man of his station.
后来他还有了俄语和英语家教;,他还有绘画老师等等，他接受了非常全面的教育,那些教育在他国家被认为是非常合适的。
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The iniquity of his lips must be burned off by a live angelic coal, that the sinfulness of his lips we could think of it as the sinfulness of his voice, his poetic voice -- will have to be purged.
他邪恶的嘴唇必定会被天国燃烧的煤块烧掉，他的嘴唇的罪孽,我们可以认为是他所说的话的罪孽，他的诗句必将被净化。
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Mind you, he ascribes to authorial intention the most amazingly outrageous things that other critics threw up their hands in despair about, but nevertheless it is for him always still an appeal to authorial intention.
他认为写作意图,十分重要,但是被其他批评家忽视了，但是写作意图,十分吸引他。
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It's not until Book Three of Paradise Lost that the poet explicitly reveals to us, to his readers, the fact of the physical handicap that might reasonably be thought to render impossible his composition of the poem.
直到失乐园第三卷,诗人才明确告诉读者们，自己失明的事实,这可能被合理的认为是他无法完成诗歌创作的原因。
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Of course, Darwin was not interested in suspicion but he was certainly the founder of ways of thinking about consciousness that are determined, socio-biologically determined: determined in the realm of cognitive science, determined as artificial intelligence, and so on.
当然，达尔文对怀疑并不感兴趣,但他确实是思考,由社会生物地决定的意识的创始人：,他认为意识被认知科学决定，被人类智慧决定等等。
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And when the Nazis rose to power in the 1930s he was identified as a Jew who was devoted to destroying the most sacred notions of Christianity, and to many, to some extent, many people see him this way.
上世纪30年代，纳粹势力崛起时,他被认为是一个,致力于摧毁基督教之中,最神圣的观念的犹太人，在某种程度上，这是很多人对他的看法。
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There is somebody in that world called a basileus, who is a single individual who is understood to be superior in some way to everybody else.
那里有一种叫做巴赛勒斯的人,他被认为是一个天资比,其他人更好的人
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He said murder is murder, and so the case went to trial.
他认为谋杀就是谋杀，所以此案被送上法庭。
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Note that he is not saying, although he is sometimes taken to be saying this, that he is not saying biologically implanted desire or impulse that we have or share that leads us to engage in political life.
注意，他并未亲口说，但他有时会被认为说过这话，但他并未说过,生物性根植的欲望或冲动,引导我们,致力于政治生活。
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The other great critic of the Miltonic simile for my money takes a completely different tack, and that's Geoffrey Hartman who makes an argument that might even be thought to contradict Fish's argument, although actually Geoffrey Hartman wrote his piece first.
在我看来，另一个对弥尔顿的比喻研究深远的评论家,采取了截然不同的方针，他就是杰弗里哈特曼,他做出了一个被认为是在反驳费什的观点，尽管实际上是哈特曼首先写出了他的观点。
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