They were the antecedents of the Serfs, which we will see later on in medieval history in europe.

他们是农奴的祖先,这段历史我们在中世纪的欧洲会涉及

耶鲁公开课 - 古希腊历史简介课程节选

They own, by the way, 40,000 serfs, own 40,000 serfs, just these 200 to 300 families.

他们共拥有四万农奴,两三百个家庭就拥有四万农奴

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

The only one larger was Russian serfdom. Brazil was close.

第一大是俄国农奴,巴西则和美国接近

耶鲁公开课 - 美国内战与重建课程节选

But this is also true of all of Western Europe, which has to do pretty much with the abolition of farmers and I just don't think it's right for me to pass without mentioning the significance.

西欧的情况亦如此,这与农奴制的废除有很大关系,我个人觉得如果不提一下其重要性,那是我的失职

耶鲁公开课 - 古希腊历史简介课程节选

This follows the arrival of the expansion of serfdom.

这是随着农奴制的扩张发生的

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

Serfdom expands along with the Russian empire.

农奴制度随着俄帝国的扩张而扩张

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

You could gamble serfs, real people.

你可以押上农奴

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

What happens in Russia is what happens in Prussia, as well, and in other parts of Eastern Europe, particularly in the Hapsburg domains--you have, to make a very bad pun, a resurfacing of the region by people forced into serf contracts.

在普鲁士发生了与俄国一样的事情,东欧的其他地区也是一样,特别是哈布斯堡王朝的领域,说个不好的双关语吧,被迫签下契约变成农奴的人们把这些地区改头换面了

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Serfs who are compelled to work the land, or in some places even slaves, well, they have no incentive, put aside the question even of capacity, to invest capital for the purpose of improving the size and quality of the their crops, their trees, their vines.

那些被强迫耕种土地的农奴,或者是那些在其他地方直接成为奴隶的人,刨除能动性因素,农场主们,没有任何理由投资钱财,去改善他们农作物,果树和葡萄,的种植规模和品质

耶鲁公开课 - 古希腊历史简介课程节选