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By 1860 there were approximately 4,000,000 slaves in the United States, the second largest slave society slave population--in the world.
截至1860年,美国大约有,四百万的奴隶,也因此使之成为了,世界历史上的第二大奴隶社会
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If the South was a slave society and we tried to demonstrate that last time, we tried to define that.
如果南方是奴隶社会,我们上次已经证明过了,我们也定义过了
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Objection number two, it's not really slavery to tax because at least in a democratic society it's not a slave holder.
第二条反对意见，征税算不上是奴隶制,因为至少在民主社会,不存在奴隶主。
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So Roman slavery and the freedom of that was actually one way that a few people in the Ancient World recognized some kind of social mobility, which was very rare in the Roman Empire.
所以罗马奴隶制以及奴隶释放制,被古代部分人认为是,某种社会阶级流动，在罗马帝国很少见。
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So within a couple of generations people could move up from being the lowest slaves to two generations of being free Roman citizens.
所以几代以内,奴隶能从最低社会等级,上升两位，成为自由的罗马公民。
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But I think it became, in most ways and in most definitions, a slave society surely by the 1820s or the 1830s.
我认为最主流的定义是,奴隶社会确实起源于,十九世纪二三十年代
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Only in the Roman Empire could slavery actually start being a way that you can move up in society, because you could-- if you were a talented slave, your owner might free you, probably would free you.
只有在罗马帝国，奴隶制可以成为,提高社会地位的手段，因为。。。,如果是一个能干的奴隶，主人可能会释放他，很有可能。
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There were certain localized slave societies in East Africa, out of Zanzibar by the eighteenth and nineteenth century.
8至19世纪的东非除了桑吉巴之外,都存在小范围的奴隶社会
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And although you were a freedman, - which was lower in status than a free person-- - there were some privileges you couldn't have-- your children would be, if they were born after you'd been freed, would be free people, not freed.
虽然奴隶成为了自由人，自由人的社会地位低于自由民-,有一些权利无法享受-,自由人的孩子，如果是出生于奴隶被释放后的，则会成为自由民，而不是自由人。
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All of those slave societies had a population of slaves that was from one-quarter to one-half, and sometimes more, of the total population.
这些奴隶社会的奴隶人口都占总人口,的三分之一到一半,有时甚至更多
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This was a radical concept in its day, evidently. The punishment should fit the crime, no more and no less for all free persons--granted slaves are not included--regardless of social class. Equality before the law.
很显然，这是当时最根本的概念，惩罚应该,与罪行相符，不偏向任何自由人，不顾社会阶级,当然奴隶除外，法律面前人人平等。
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Essentially, it means any society where slave labor where the definition of labor, where the definition of the relationship between ownership and labor is defined by slavery.
从本质上来说,它是个奴隶劳动的社会,在这个社会里劳动的内涵,以及劳动者与其劳动所有权之间的关系,都被定义为奴役
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What do we mean when we use that phrase 'slave society'?
而'奴隶社会'指的又是什么
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And by the 1820s and 1830s the American South became what I think you could safely say was the fifth slave society in human history; maybe the sixth. This is debatable.
自十九世纪二三十年代起,美国南方,绝对成为了,人类历史上的第五个奴隶社会,也可能是第六个,这仍然处于争议中
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For the first time"--this was, of course, the French aristocrat de Tocqueville "For the first time we have had the chance to examine the effect that slavery produces on a society.
第一次",这位托克维尔即是,法国的那位贵族德·托克维尔,"第一次我们有机会仔细观察,奴隶制对一个社会造成的影响
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But the five great slave societies were those five.
但五大奴隶社会还是我刚才提的那些
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The northern states by the Antebellum Period 1820s,1830s,1840s-- was beginning to sort of hurtle toward a different future than what that slave society was perhaps--no, not really slowly it too was hurtling toward a certain future.
北方在战前,也就是19世纪20至40年代,就急速开始朝着,和奴隶社会完全不同的方向发展,但是南方奴隶社会的发展得也不是很慢,它也在飞驰向一个确定的未来
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All were highly profitable in their primes.
这些奴隶社会初期都是一本万利的
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But the question is, in my present circumstances, with evil on my hands, entailed from my father, would the general interest of the slaves and community at large, with reference to the slaves, be promoted best by emancipation?
但问题是,在我目前的情况下,我已犯下如此罪行,我延续了父辈的罪恶,对于奴隶的问题,解放是否能够使,他们和全社会的整体利益得到提升呢
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Now, in the South what developed and let's define it at least quickly what developed was one of the world's handful of true slave societies.
当时的南方变成了什么样,至少我们很快就能得出结论,当时的南方变成了世界历史上,为数不多的几个真正的奴隶社会之一
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But if the South was a slave society the North was a market society.
如果南方是一个奴隶社会,那么北方就是一个市场社会
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That's always open to debate, exactly when the South became a slave society.
经常有一些公开的争论,南方究竟是从何时成为奴隶社会的
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Now, when exactly did the American South become a slave society?
那么美国南部究竟是从何时起成为奴隶社会的
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Now, there were other localized slave societies, surely; certainly within Africa, to a certain degree even before Europeans arrived and certainly after Europeans arrived, particularly after the regularization of the Atlantic slave trade.
除此之外当然还有很多小区域奴隶社会,非洲当然有,甚至是原始欧洲,欧洲现代人到来后当然更多,特别是在,大西洋奴隶贸易合法化之后
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Where slavery affected everything about society.
在这个社会里一切事物都被奴隶制所影响
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What is a slave society?
什么是奴隶社会
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And if you want to understand why so many white Southerners, especially in the Deep South, went to such great extents to save their slave society, remember the kinds of arguments and language used by its defenders.
如果你们想知道为何如此多的南方白种人,特别是南方腹地的人们,想要最大程度地保住他们的奴隶制社会,那就揣摩一下这些辩护者所使用的论断,和他们的语言,措辞
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