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I guess they're elected officials and their voters are not finance theorists and don't think of this in these terms.
我想这是因为他们是当选的官员,而投票的不是金融学家,也就不会用金融术语思考和表达。
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But this meant that you could get- at least the Roman officials could get mail delivered fairly quickly.
但这样你能。。。,至少罗马官员能快速投递信件。
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But in terms of more senior staff, more senior interactions, the WHCF in almost all configurations, is the most regular person interacted.
但在高层官员来说，深度接触来说，办公室主任几乎在任何情况下，都是跟总统交流最多的人。
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Even though decentralized England expands its bureaucracy and collected taxes much more efficiently than across the channel in France, state-making involved more officials there.
即使是在分权的英国 官僚政府也日益扩大,他们比海峡对岸的法国有着更多苛捐杂税,现代国家的形成需要更多的官员
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One thirteenth-century Egyptian papyrus describes Egypt's tight control of her border areas, and another reports some Egyptian officials pursuing some runaway slaves Obviously this happened from time to time, escaping into the desert.
一张十三世纪的纸莎草纸上描述了,埃及对它边境地区的严格控制，还有一张记录埃及官员追逐逃跑的奴隶,这显然时常发生，逃往沙漠。
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They would've had all kinds of subordinate officials taking care of that.
正常情况下应该由下级官员来,管理这些种植园
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And having seized this opportunity," that language, seized the occasion, seized this opportunity, "he had emplaced one morning in the piazza in two pieces, with a piece of wood and a bloody knife beside him.
而抓住这个机会“,这样的文字，抓住这个机遇，抓住这个机会，“一个早晨在广场上,他将两样东西安放在官员的旁边，一块木头,和一把沾血的刀子。
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And, so, Louis XIV, who liked to call himself the Sun God, a modest megalomaniac, he sends out officials into the provinces to enforce his will, and these dudes are called intendants--but that doesn't matter, you don't have to remember that.
因此,路易十四,自称为太阳王,一个外表谦虚实则嚣张自大的人,他派一些官员去各省强化他的意志,这些人被称作是监督官,这个不是重点,你们不用记这个
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It used to be that government officials were all picked by political patronage and they, very often, were incompetent.
过去政府官员,通常都是走后门进来的,他们经常都是不称职的。
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That means, we started to learn management science in the government, so that government--and also in corporations-- so they could manage effectively.
这意味着政府部门的官员,开始学习管理科学，公司里也是一样-,他们可以有效管理。
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But one thing I've heard, a report I read recently that disturbes me is that the overwhelming majority of the officers are Tadzhiks.
但是我还听到一件事，我看到一篇报道说到,让我有些担心,绝大多数的官员是塔吉克斯坦人。
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So, these officials, nobles get these kinds of officials, and really, they could rake it in, get these titles and they are representing the king.
所以官员们可以获得这些肥差,从而大发横财,他们被授勋以爵位并且代表着君王的意志
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But they all do the following: overseeing the actions of the White House staff.
但共同的有以下几点：,负责监管,白宫官员的工作。
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When I in the rest of the staff, we often met in a room.
当我和其他官员坐在一起，我们通常在同一间会议室开会。
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They're some of the finest members young members typically, of our service.
他们是最好的官员之一,特别是我们人员中，最年轻的。
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So, part of the whole process is the elimination of these these municipal privileges and replacing municipal officials, to make a long story short, with people that they have appointed.
他们采取的一个办法,就是取消那些地方政府的特权,更换本土官员,简而言之,就是以近臣取而代之
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All officials from the chancelleries that he had created and all of the officers were obliged to attend this torture scene as a way of warning them that, "You'd better not mess around."
他所有的内阁大臣和官员们,都被迫出席拷打的场面,这么做是以儆效尤,"你们最好别到处惹是生非"
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The Office of the White House Chief of Staff is the highest office, and the Chief of Staff is the highest ranking member of the executive office of the president of the United States.
白宫办公厅是,最高级别的政府机关，而办公厅主任是,美国总统行政办公室,级别最高的官员。
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He appointed bureaucratic officials; he commanded royal servants and he recorded royal goods, which by the way, most of the tablets are inventories, lists of things that exist in the palace that belonged to the king.
他任命官员,统领皇家仆从并执掌皇家物品的记录,顺带一提的是,大多数出土的陶土碎片,都是目录,里面罗列的宝物,都属于国王
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Because not only the NSA homeland security, the governors, members of congress, cabinet officers.
因为不仅仅国家安全顾问,国土安全，政府官员，国会议员，内阁官员都想见总统。
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One of the jobs of a White House Chief of Staff is to settle disputes among cabinet members and offcials, and it's also one of the toughest jobs.
白宫办公厅主任的,工作之一是解决争端,在内阁成员和其他官员间进行调解，这也是最辛苦的工作之一。
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So a young and very capable officer who often became good friend with the president and other staffs and became buddies on the monutain bike with what the president like to do brush clearing on the ranch.
通常是一个非常年轻和能干的官员,通常会和总统,以及其他官员成为好朋友,还有跟总统一起骑车上山,那是总统很喜欢做的事,在牧场上骑马。
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As I said, in some context last time, how many Russian peasants died in the 1890s thinking, "Oh my god, if the Czar only knew that we're starving, how angry he would be with his officials."
就像我在上一讲提到的,有多少死于1890年代的俄国农民会想,"上帝啊,要是沙皇知道我们在挨饿就好了,他该对手下的官员发多大的火啊"
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And with some generals or with whoever else, homeland security, how did you go about settling these fights?
或者是和其他官员，关于国分歧家安全问题有分歧，你是怎么处理这些分歧呢？
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They'll keep as much of the cut as they can possibly steal.
这些官员会不遗余力地中饱私囊
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So, the king's representatives go out in the name of the king.
官员们以国王的名义下到各地
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And it expands the number of officials dramatically.
如此一来,官员的数目急剧增加
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We'd convene some of the most senior members.
我们会召集最高职位的官员。
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The personal aid isn't a National Security offical but a person always knows what the president's schedule is, has his briefing book, his speech, his man, whatever the president needs to just keep functioning.
私人助理不是国家安全部官员,但是他必须知道,总统的行程如何，拿着他的简报，他的发言，他的人手安排，一切总统维持正常工作,所需要的东西。
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