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We're not going to have the constant pressure heat capacity, we're going to have the constant volume heat capacity, right.
这里出现的,不是等压热容,而是等体热容。
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So, we do an integral over a path, dT for the heat capacity along that path, dT.
因此，我们沿着路径做一个积分，热容。
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It works its magic, again, through purely instrumental means, so we can't really call those songs, and this puzzled me.
纯器乐的演奏方式,容我重申,能产生神奇的效果,所以我们其实不能把器乐称为歌曲,这让我很困惑
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Then he said, "Let me go, for dawn is breaking." But he answered, "I will not let you go, unless you bless me." Said the other, "What is your name?"
那人说，“天黎明了，容我去吧，“但他说，“你不给我,祝福，我就不容你去，“那人说，“你名叫甚么？“他回“
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And Manifest Destiny was the engine of capitalism, make no mistake.
而且,命运天定思想,是资本主义的发动机,这点无容置疑
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Let me talk a little bit about that context.
容我略谈一下当时的脉络。
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He had not only written really quite daringly on behalf of the execution of this particular king, but he wrote another pamphlet, Eikonoklastes , which is a shocking defense of just regicide in general - not just in England, but as a kind of political principle.
他不仅对处死国王一事大胆的发表言论,还写了另外一本书，《圣容破坏者》,这本书为正义的弑君做了惊人的辩护,-不仅是在英国的这次弑君，还是一条普遍的政治原则。
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It's related to the heat capacity, the constant volume of heat capacity and something you could measure.
它联系了热能，恒容热容和一些,我们能够测量的物理量。
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Something I can measure and I can tabulate, and when I turn my dT knob here I know what's going to happen to the enthalpy.
----热容，我们可以用实验，测出热容并成表,当我知道这里的变量。
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You calculate how much heat is released in the reaction. And then what's going to matter is what's the heat capacity of the whole, of the calorimeter?
就是计算在反应中,放出了多少热量,接下来关键的是,整个量热计的热容是多少？
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I didn't even need to know that heat capacity of the product, right. Because it's effect the thermal mass of the product is negligible compared to the thermal mass of the calorimeter.
我甚至不需要知道生成物的,热容是多少，因为生成物的,热质量的作用相比于,量热计的热质量是可以忽略的。
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And it's for that whole unit that you've got some heat capacity. How much heat does it take the warm the entire thing up or the insides of the thing up by a degree? It's that number right.
由这个单位你能知道,一些热容的信息，要让这整个装置,或里面放置的东西,升温一度需要多少热量？
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When I flail my arms around I generate work and heat. This is not a constant volume process.
这不是一个恒容过程,但如果我是一个系统，当我做这些的时候。
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So, let's talk about heat capacity.
好的，让给我们来讨论热容。
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STUDENT: Just a quick question on some of the constraints, like isothermal, isobaric, isovolumetric expansion.
学生：我有个关于,等温，等压，等容等约束条件的小问题。
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Cp, I forgot to put my little bar on top here because it's per mole Cp dT that's my dq here.
上面的Cv我忘记加上横线了,因为它也是摩尔热容。
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Adiabatic expansion means you can't use this.
这与等容的。
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dq=CvdT STUDENT: PROFESSOR BAWENDI: Well, let's see.
学生：在等容过程中：,对理想气体。
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v du/dV under constant temperature. du/dT v under constant volume. You use the Joule expansion to find these quantities.
像偏u偏v，恒温下的偏u偏,恒容下的偏u偏,你们知道怎么运用焦耳定律。
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There are a lot of things held constant.
它们很容让人弄迷糊。
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You're allowed Cv comes out here for this adiabatic expansion, which is not a constant volume only because this is always true for an ideal gas.
绝热过程写下,这个式子是因为它对理想气体都成立，并没有用到等容过程的条件,只用了理想气体的条件。
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You just change volume to pressure and basically you're looking at enthalpy under a constant -- anything that's done at a constant volume path with energy, there's the same thing happening under constant pressure path for enthalpy.
可以看到这就是把体积换成了压强,一般我们都是在一种恒定状态下,考虑焓的，任何在恒容条件下,能伴随能量变化的东西，也在恒压条件下伴随焓同样地变化,所以你可以经常。
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for instance, for the thermos with the coffee in if you place the boundary in the inside wall of the glass or the outside wall of the glass and the inside of the thermos, that makes a difference; different heat capacity, etcetera.
比如说，对于装咖啡的热水瓶来说,你把边界设置在瓶胆的内壁上,或者设置在瓶胆外壁上,或设在热水瓶里面，情况都是不一样的;,有不同的热容等等。
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Heat capacity relates the amount of heat that you add to the system to the change in temperature, and this is the relationship.
热容联系起给系统提供的,热量和温度的变化，关系式是这样的：
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Ordinary heat capacities are in Joule's per Kelvin mole, not kilojoules, right.
一般热容的单位是焦耳每摩,而不是千焦。
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Heat capacity depends on path.
热容是与路径有关的。
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Now, I know how to relate the heat flow to temperature change, through the heat capacity.
现在我知道怎样把能量的流动,和温度的变化联系起来，通过热容。
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So if I worry about energy I have a pretty good chance of extracting out these heat capacities, right, and I don't have to worry about exactly which path and I can really mix things up.
而能量与热容有密切的关系,从能量就可以就算出这两个热容，我不需要考虑到底是哪一条路径,可以随意计算。
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It's not constant pressure, because we have a delta p going on. It's not constant volume either.
也不是恒容，这个限制,是这个实验的限制。
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This one turns out to be the heat capacity, and this one turns out to be something that we measure in the Joule-free expansion.
其实，这就是热容，这是焦耳自由膨胀实验中,我们要测量的物理量。
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