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If you have a quantity which is constant over any closed path, that quantity is a thermodynamics state function.
如果有一个物理量,对任何闭合回路积分是常数，这个物理量就是一个热力学态函数。
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That is, most processes that we're concerned with, they'll happen with something held constant like pressure or temperature or maybe volume.
这句话是说我们所关注的大部分过程，发生的时候都是保持某个量为常数,比如压强，温度或者体积。
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It is joules per atom. Or, if you multiply by Avogadro's number then you will get joules per mole.
焦耳每个原子，或者，如果乘以,阿伏伽德罗常数你会得到焦耳数每摩尔。
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Therefore, for simple branching programs, the length of time, the complexity the code, is what we would call constant.
因此，对于简单的分支程序，运行的时间长度，算法的复杂度，也就是我们说的常数。
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But I know when I multiply a vector by a number, I get a vector in the same direction.
但是我所知道的是当矢量乘以一个常数,我会得到一个同方向的矢量
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So, first, if I point out when l equals 0, when we have an s orbital, what you see is that angular part of the wave function is equal to a constant.
首先，如果ｌ等于０,那就是ｓ轨道，你们可以看到,它波函数的角度部分是一个常数。
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And that is that the lattice energy as is depicted by the Madelung constant is dominant.
如晶格能中的马德隆常数,就十分重要。
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STUDENT: PROFESSOR: Yes, thank you. All right, it is constant. You keep sitting back there where I can't get to you. Thank you very much.
学生：【不解中】,教授：是的，是常数，如果，就是常数,你坐在那儿一动不动我没法找到你。
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You'll also see that they have all the physical constants that you're going to need, and also a bunch of the actual equations that we've been using in the first couple weeks here.
大家还可以看到这里有,你可能会用到的所有物理常数，还有一堆公式,是那些我们这几周来一直在用的。
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If I have Avogadro number of these things in a long line, you can bet it is going to be a solid.
如果在一条直线上,这些东西有阿伏伽德罗常数那么多，你肯定会说它是固体。
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And I had mentioned several times thatyou do not need to memorize the majority of the equations and you don't need to memorize any physical constants.
另外我已经提过好几次了,绝大多数的公式大家都不需要去背,也不用去记任何物理常数。
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Then it's very clear the way you patch it up is you multiply it by this constant and now we're all set.
很明显,弥补的方法就是,乘以这个常数就全部搞定了
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All right, so now we have the makings of a good thermometer and a good temperature scale.
这一常数只决定于温度,于是我们现在,可以定义一个理想的温度计和温标了。
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Obviously-- and that's a bad way of saying it, I said constant the previous time-- in the linear case, it's subtract by certain amount.
这么描述很不准确，我之前在，线性算法中也说了常数,它是每次减少固定的量。
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It only cares what temperature is. If temperature is constant, there's no change in energy.
如果温度是常数,能量就没有变化，对理想气体。
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And, we knew that if we know the crystal structure we can get the Madelung constant, not a problem.
我们都知道只要有了晶体结构,就能知道马德隆常数。
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So, for example, if we're to hold the time constant, this makes it a lot simpler of an equation, because what we can end up doing is actually crossing out this whole term here.
比如说，如果我们把时间,定为常数，这使得方程,大大简化，因为我们可以把,这一项划掉。
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You can bring any calculator you want, we don't actually have restrictions for calculator types here, but what you can't do, is you can't program any relevant chemical or information about constants in there.
你可以带你想用的任何一种计算器，我们并不限制计算器的类型，但是有一点是不允许的，那就是你不能使用编程的功能来记录,相关的化学常数或其它信息。
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And the relationship that he put forth is that the momentum is equal to Planck's constant times nu divided by the speed of light, or it's often more useful for us to think about it in terms of wavelength.
爱因斯坦提出的关系式是,动量等于普朗克常数,乘以υ除以光速，或者用波长来表示,通常更容易让我们想明白。
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I have constant time access which is great, but I paid a price, which is I had to use up some space.
我的访问时间现在是常数级别，这个非常的棒，但是我也付出了代价，不得不使用更多的空间，在整数的例子中。
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By the way, I want to emphasize that I've named these constants to make it easier to change.
顺便说一下，我想要强调,我给这些常数命名是为了更方便之后更改。
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And I am going to call this whole geometric factor here, I am going to put it into one number, and I am going to denote that the Madelung constant.
接下来我将会称这一部分为几何因子，我将把它们整合在一个数字里，我将会标注它为马德隆常数。
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So, what we have left in our equation is only one part that n we haven't explained yet, and that is that n value.
现在方程里只剩下一个常数,我们还没有解释，这就是。
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It's OK to use certain fundamental constants that come in a lot of calculators, so there's nothing we can do about that. That's OK.
当然允许使用,一些普通计算器里都有的基本常数，我们不会连这些都不让用，这是没问题的。
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We can make some substitutions here using some of the derivation on the previous board which will give us the Planck constant divided by 2 pi mass of the electron times the Bohr radius.
在这里我们也可以,用我以前在黑板上写过的一些词来取代它,得到的是普朗克常数除以2π电子质量,再乘以波尔半径。
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and we like log algorithms, because they're really fast. A typical characteristic of a log algorithm is a pro-- or sorry, an algorithm where it reduces the size of the problem by a constant factor.
并且我们也很喜欢对数算法,因为它很快,对数算法的典型特性是高速，哦，抱歉，是他能以常数因子的速度,降低问题的大小，很明显。
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We put all of this over the Rydberg constant, which is 2 . 1 8 times 10 to the negative 18 joules, and we want to raise this all to the 1/2.
除以里德堡常数，我们想把这些所有的再开方，所以我们最后。
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SdT This has minus T dS minus S dT, but the dT part is zero because we're at constant temperature.
这一项包含负的Tds和，但是dT的部分等于零,因为温度为常数。
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If you're taking two derivatives you can add a constant and something linear in t.
如果你要二次求导,你可以添加一个一次项和常数项
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A limited class of problems is one in which the acceleration is just a constant.
在这类有限的问题里,加速度均为常数
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